N. pallidulus Graells-i buruzko bibliografia ikasi ondoren, lehentasuna duen N. coronatus DC. izena proposatzen dugu.
After the study of the bibliography about the nomenclature of N. pallidulus ...Graells, we propose N. coronatus DC. as prioritaire name for this species.
Después de estudiar la bibliografía referida a la nomenclatura de N. pallidulus Graells, proponemos N. coronatus DC. como nombre prioritario para esta especie.
Functionality of Temporal Concepts in Legal and Public Administration Discourse
The article is dedicated to the concept of time in the context of its potential to organize legal interactions. The ...subject of the study includes time markers in Polish legislative, official and court documents. The aim of the article is to describe the temporal terminology used in legal and official communication, and to find pragmatic characteristics that make it possible for the concept of time to organize extralinguistic reality in many different aspects. The author of the article analyses both fixed language constructs and language units with an open and occasional structure.
The article analyzes the main qualitative characteristics and features of the leadership and specialists’ formation of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in the period of “late Stalinism.” The main ...sources for the article were the archival documents of the thematic cases of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of the Bolsheviks and the materials of the “Survey of executives and specialists as of November 1, 1947” - a unique closed census, the results of which were reported only to the top Soviet leadership. The article analyzes the total number of employees in specific industries, the proportion of the workers of the “indigenous” nationality and the number of managers who came to work to the republics after the end of the war. The latter data are of particular importance, since they made it possible to calculate the proportion of workers in certain industries who lived in the republics during the occupation. Special attention is paid to the management system and political campaigns that exerted direct influence on cadres policy. The analysis carried out by the authors showed that the proportion of leaders and specialists of “indigenous nationalities” did not exceed 85 %, and most often was 50-60 %. At the same time, at the level of uyezds and volosts, the proportion of “indigenous” nationalities increased to 95 %, i.e. at the grassroots level, most of the leaders and professionals were local residents, usually non-members, who had spent the war years under the occupation. Probably, this circumstance caused concern of the central authorities and led to a number of political campaigns in the late 1940s - early 1950s. Only after J.V. Stalin’s death did the reform of cadres policy begin; L.P. Beria and N.S. Khrushchev can be considered its authors.
One of the most popular novels in late Stalinist USSR, The Bearer of the Golden Star (1947-1948) by Semyon Babayevsky, is seen now as a representative symbol of "grand" or "varnishing" style in ...literature - to the same measure as the eponymous film (1950) by Yuliy Raizman did for the Soviet cinematic tradition. High official status of both texts guaranteed by Stalin's awards matched the overwhelming success they both enjoyed with general public. The author here makes an attempt to examine the possible reasons of this popularity and offers a look at The Bearer of the Golden Star as at panorama both of a newborn after the World War II privileged social stratum, nomenklatura, and a system of social elevators leading to it - as much demanded by its target audience. The modes of fictional re-interpretation of real bureaucratic procedures are considered as well as the authors' dealing with the key characters representing different nomenklatural positions; and also some «ethnographic» characters used to blur the border between social strata, so that the Soviet "new ruling class" could still be seen as an integral part of "working people". The paper also deals with operational mechanisms of manipulative political metaphors and with those means Semyon Babayevsky and Yuliy Raizman used to ensure the highest possible level of propaganda impact. Special attention is also paid to the figure of Stalin as the key element in the "Grand style" mythology that form a hidden suggestive structer of the text.
Abstract This paper is the analysis of the repeated participation of the 1990 and 1994 elections candidates in the following 1998–2014 elections. The interest in the long-standing candidates is ...dictated by the need to better understand which type of political background and political strategy gravitate more to the commencement of a political career at the very beginning of democracy building in Ukraine. The paper hypothesizes that in 1990 having a Communist Nomenklatura background was the determining factor, whereas in 1994, unaffiliated candidates who originated from the „party of power” were the main contenders. The hypotheses are tested using the data on the background and electoral results of the candidates, who started in the 1990 and 1994 electoral campaigns (8,898 candidates in the EAST PaC database). In this study both successful and failed candidates are studied because they all acquire experience of political professional activity. It was found out that the Communist party officials and managers of the state enterprises, who had won in 1990, competed in the following electoral campaigns less often, while unaffiliated directors more often. The affiliation with the left-wing parties in 1994 predicts higher odds that a candidate will repeat his/her attempts to get a seat. 1
U Glasniku Hrvatskog botaničkog društva do sada je objavljeno šest priloga koji dopunjuju nacionalni popis flore Hrvatske i bazu podataka Flora Croatica (FCD) s novoopisanim i novootkrivenim biljnim ...svojtama. Osim toga provode se i nomenklaturne preinake već postojećih svojti. Kako bi se taj niz i dalje nastavio, ovaj prilog je sedmi u nizu te je u bazu FCD dodano jedanaest novih svojti ( Alnus rohlenae Vít, Douda et Mandák, Catalpa ovata G. Don, Genista sericea Wulfen subsp. rigida (Pamp.) Feoli Chiapella et F. Conti, Genista sericea Wulfen subsp. sericea , Iris foetidissima L., Oenothera lindheimeri (Engelm. et A.Gray) W. L. Wagner et Hoch, Onobrychis alba (Waldst. & Kit.) Desv. subsp. calcarea (Vandas) P. W. Ball, Pistia stratiotes L., Rudbeckia triloba L. i Salvia hispanica L.) koje su zabilježene po prvi puta za Hrvatsku kao i jedna novoopisana vrsta za znanost ( Knautia ehrendorferi Rešetnik, Frajman et Schönsw.). Osim toga, izvršena je jedna nomenklaturna preinaka koja se odnosi na vrstu Knautia adriatica Ehrend. koja je uklonjena s popisa jer je sinonimizirana s endemičnom vrstom Knautia dalmatica Beck.
In the Journal of the Croatian Botanical Society six contributions were published that serve as an update of the national flora checklist and the Flora Croatica Database (FCD) with new entries of a newly described plant taxa and new discovered taxa in the flora. Besides that, nomenclatural changes were applied as well on already existing plant taxa. This is the seventh contribution with eleven new plant taxa ( Alnus rohlenae Vít, Douda et Mandák, Catalpa ovata G. Don, Genista sericea Wulfen subsp. rigida (Pamp.) Feoli Chiapella et F. Conti, Genista sericea Wulfen subsp. sericea , Iris foetidissima L., Oenothera lindheimeri (Engelm. et A.c Gray) W. L. Wagner et Hoch, Onobrychis alba (Waldst. & Kit.) Desv. subsp. calcarea (Vandas) P. W. Ball, Pistia stratiotes L., Rudbeckia triloba L. and Salvia hispanica L.) added to the FCD, as their first record in Croatia, and one species is described new to science ( Knautia ehrendorferi Rešetnik, Frajman et Schönsw.). In addition, one nomenclatural change related to the species Knautia adriatica Ehrend. was made, and it is excluded from the checklist of the Croatian flora because it is synonymized with endemic species Knautia dalmatica Beck.
In Soviet political discourse, the accession of Western Ukraine to the USSR was seen as an event of great historical importance, for it led to the reunification of the “great Ukrainian people within ...a single Ukrainian state,” the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. The official rhetoric stated that with the accession of Western Ukraine, a new, better period in history began for all residents of those regions, a period of inevitable development and unavoidable progress. The prevailing belief was that despite the specific features of the western regions of the country, the general laws of historical development were unchallengeable: the transition from one socio-economic formation to another, a much more progressive one, was bound to lead to the same result for all. The Bolsheviks believed that only the Soviet state could help the workers of Western Ukraine to overcome their economic and cultural backwardness in a rather short period of time. The process of Sovietization required a significant increase in the number of administrators and specialists, which was accomplished by recruiting them from the eastern regions of Ukraine as well as from other regions of the USSR. This article attempts to answer the following questions: How can one describe the Soviet cadres invited to lead western Ukrainians forward on their path to progress? Did the image of the ideal leader correspond to his real appearance and behavior? The main sources used to answer these questions include transcripts of the speeches of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (CP(b)U) Nikita Khrushchev at plenums of the Central Committee of the CP(b)U, at meetings of secretaries of oblast committees, and at the meetings of party activists in West Ukrainian regions in the period between 1944 and 1949 that is in the period from the expulsion of the Germans from West Ukrainian lands and the restoration of Soviet control over these territories until Khrushchev’s transfer back to Moscow. Those administrators who were sent from the eastern regions of the Ukrainian SSR were usually poorly educated, incompetent and undisciplined; they did not speak Ukrainian, often abused their positions and broke the law. The recruitment of local activists for administrative work was not successful either, as there were few loyal and qualified administrators in Western Ukraine and those that were available were often not trusted. Personnel problems were a constant subject of discussion in the party organs, but it had not possible to rectify the shortcomings before the end of 1949, so the ideal image of a leader often differed greatly from the real image.
This article looks at the meaning of the term nomenklatura, the positions within the Soviet Estonian literary life that were included in the Communist Party nomenklatura, the day-to-day practices ...used when dealing with "nomenklatural writers," and the most prominent "nomenklatural writers" during the post-Stalin era. The term nomenklatura has a number of meanings in the Soviet context. Firstly, it was a (secret) list of key positions to which people were appointed and from which they were removed by a decision of a specific party committee; secondly, it was a set of bureaucratic procedures; and thirdly, the people who filled these positions. As a specific instrument of power, the nomenklatura ensured the Communist Party a control over the leading cadres in whatever sphere of activity they operated while their position belonged to the list of the party nomenklatura. Thus, the party had at every administrative level their own nomenklatura list. The Central Committee of the Estonian Communist Party (hereafter CC ECP) had roughly 2000 positions included in the nomenklatura that were considered important at the national level. Furthermore, the nomenklatura at this level was subdivided into the Bureau, Secretariat and "accounting" lists. These individual lists, as well the CC ECP nomenklatura as a whole, were never fixed; instead, the composition of the lists and the number of the positions changed frequently. In the field of literature, the CC ECP nomenklatura included about twenty positions that were more or less tied to the Writers' Union of the Estonian SSR; these included positions at the Writers' Union itself, at the journals Looming and Keel ja Kirjandus, and at the newspaper Sirp ja Vasar. The role of the CC ECP mostly, but not exclusively, involved formal procedures, such as the approval of decisions or nomenklatura appointments, but also the activities that preceded it. This article demonstrates that the involvement of the CC ECP was evident in scouting and selecting suitable candidates for certain positions, as well as in seeking support for their appointment from a circle of leading writers. However, this varied greatly depending on the subdivision to which the position belonged. Especial attention was paid by Communist Party functionaries to the positions which belonged to the Bureau list and to the Chairman of the Writers' Union, in particular. The three most important literary leaders of the post-Stalin era – Juhan Smuul, Paul Kuusberg and Vladimir Beekman – were also hand-selected by the CC ECP. In addition to being members of the Communist Party, they had a number of desirable qualities that made them suitable to be promoted to the Chairman of the Writers' Union. Their strengths, such as Smuul's personality and talent as a writer, Kuusberg's administrative capability, and Beekman's poise and good education, could be shaped to produce an ideal – or at least close to ideal – literary leader for Soviet Estonia.
Recent studies of Putin-era elites have focused primarily on the role of siloviki. We bring the focus back to an analysis of the elite continuity within the Soviet regime. By compiling a dataset of ...the Putin-regime elites, we track their professional and family backgrounds to discover that the proportion of Putin-regime elites with Soviet nomenklatura origin (which comprised only 1-3% of the population during the Soviet period) constitutes approximately 60% of contemporary elites. Most have ties in the middle and lower, rather than the top, ranks of the nomenklatura. In addition, the share of those with nomenklatura backgrounds in Putin-era elites is significantly higher than the share of siloviki. These results reflect a noticeable continuity between the Soviet-era and Putin-regime elites 30 years after the transition. This often-ignored characteristic helps understand the absence of an elite split and a high degree of elite compliance with re-autocratization in Putin's Russia.
W niniejszym tekście podjęta została dyskusja nad zdefiniowaniem pojęcia polski język medycyny (medyczny) dla celów glottodydaktyki. Artykuł składa się z sześciu części. W pierwszej kolejności ...omówiono dotychczasowe założenia teoretyczne nauczania polskiego języka medycyny (medycznego). Następnie zaprezentowano sposoby opisu języka medycznego na gruncie glottodydaktyki angielskiej, francuskiej i niemieckiej. W kolejnej części znalazły się metodologiczne i lingwistyczne założenia materiałów glottodydaktycznych przeznaczonych do kształcenia specjalistycznego. W czwartej części zarysowano definicję pojęcia medycyny w kategoriach semantycznych oraz syntaktycznych. Piąta część poświęcona została legislacyjnemu rozumieniu polskiego języka medycyny (medycznego). Rozważania te prowadzą do prezentacji konkluzji i wskazań dla glottodydaktyki polonistycznej w części szóstej. Wyniki analiz wykazały, iż zagadnienie opisu języka polskiego do celów specjalistycznych jest bardzo złożonym procesem. Niezbędne są dalsze badania, dotyczące m.in. warstwy stylistycznej polskiego języka medycyny (medycznego), kompetencji socjolingwistycznej, socjokulturowej i realioznawczej.
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