The authoritarian regimes in post-Soviet states emerged and consolidated in an absence of strong traditions of civil society and the fact that the anticommunist revolution of 1991 in the Soviet Union ...was not predated by a "revolution of values." The democratic transit in the newly independent states failed and democratic changes were suspended, among other things, because the new ruling layers that had monopolized power and property in post-Soviet states never wanted continued market and democratic reforms. In short, the authoritarian regimes, on the one hand, owe their stability to the power/property institution, the nomenklatura as the ruling stratum and the patronage state. On the other, authoritarianism in the post-Soviet space was kept within certain limits by power equilibrium between regional elites and de-nomenklaturization of the political elite while an absence of political and social actors that need democratic transformations was and remains the highest barrier on the way toward such transformations.
The article analyzes the functions of one of the most important groups of the Soviet bureaucracy. It is based on 120 oral interviews and memoirs of former staff members of the CPSU Central Committee ...apparatus. In the first part, a new understanding is put forward about the place the Central Committee apparatus occupied in the functioning of the central governing institutions in the Soviet Union in the Brezhnev period. Various specific and non-obvious functions carried out by the apparatus are also discussed. The second part reviews a collective biography of the Central Committee staff. In particular, the unexpectedly high level of social class and education of the Central Committee staff is noted, as well as their remarkable level of social achievement and fairly young age at the entry level into the CC apparatus. In this part several typical biographical patterns are - analyzed. In the third part, a comparison with the Western bureaucracy is attempted. In particular, a detailed analysis is made of the anti-corruption measures and means of formation of the corporate discipline in the CC apparatus. The most important difference is found in their respective cultural background, which in the Soviet case was formed by the secondary education they received during Stalin's rule.
Ukraine is very much a part of the global arms trade – both as a producer of components of military hardware, as well as a source of illicit weapons fuelling conflicts worldwide. The latter ...development has in fact become worse since the outbreak of war in the Donbass in 2014. Part of this connectivity to global markets is bound up in the country’s Soviet inheritance, a vast network of military-industrial facilities that underpinned defence production in the 1950s-1980s. The Soviets were then engaged in a power struggle with the West over geopolitical influence, military superiority and, of course, nuclear parity. A far less understood consequence of this focus on defence was its impact on Soviet politics, particularly the rising prominence of regional economic elites from southeastern Ukraine, who came to be disproportionately represented in the Kremlin under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev and Leonid Brezhnev. This article examines this inheritance in three parts. The first maps out how changing economic and security priorities after Stalin laid the groundwork for regional elites in Dnipropetrovsk, Kyiv, Donetsk, and Kharkiv to cluster in significant ways, fundamentally altering the political landscape of the Soviet Union. The second part examines how that landscape was changed by the dissolution of the union and independence in 1991, in particular, how denuclearization, reforms to the defence sector and privatization altered the relationship of regional economic elites to centres of power in Moscow and Kyiv and made the emergence of the oligarchs possible. The third and final part examine continuities between past and present as it pertains to the current historical moment, specifically lingering infrastructural concerns and conflicts of interest that precipitated a major conflict between the Soviet Union’s two largest successor states.
In the course of the compilation of a list of high-rank syntaxa of Europe, it appeared that some of syntaxa from south Europe were not validly described. In this paper, the following syntaxa have ...been either described or validated, such as the Potentillo montenegrinae-Festucion paniculatae (Festucetalia spadiceae, Juncetea trifidi), the Aquilegio nigricantis-Rhododendrion hirsuti (Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae, Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetea carneae), the Hyperico grisebachii-Pinion mugo (Junipero-Pinetalia mugo, Roso pendulinae-Pinetea mugo), the Lathyro veneti-Taxion baccatae, Quercion petraeo-cerridis (both Quercetalia pubescentis, Quercetea pubescentis) and the Buxo- Syringion vulgaris (Paliuretalia, Rhamno-Prunetea).
V okviru priprave seznama seznama sintaksonov visokega ranga v Evropi, se je pokazalo, da nekateri sintaksoni iz južne Evrope niso bili veljavno opisani. V tem prispevku so veljavno opisani naslednji sintaksoni: Potentillo montenegrinae-Festucion paniculatae (Festucetalia spadiceae
Juncetea trifidi), Aquilegio nigricantis-Rhododendrion hirsuti (Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetalia carneae, Rhododendro hirsuti-Ericetea carneae), Hyperico grisebachii-Pinion mugo (Junipero-Pinetalia mugo, Roso pendulinae-Pinetea mugo), Lathyro veneti-Taxion baccatae in Quercion petraeo-cerridis (oba Quercetalia pubescentis, Quercetea pubescentis) in Buxo-Syringion vulgaris (Paliuretalia, Rhamno-Prunetea).
Résumé Le managérialisme emprunté par les autorités chinoises pour moderniser l’administration en évitant la réforme politique peut-il construire un État performant, à la hauteur des défis ...économiques, sociaux et environnementaux qui sont ceux de la Chine d’aujourd’hui ? Est-il susceptible de préserver la légitimité du Parti communiste chinois (PCC) ou d’en renouveler les modalités ? Est-il un substitut effectif à une réforme plus politique, ou en suggère-t-il au contraire le chemin ? Cet article situe la « question bureaucratique » dans son contexte historique et socio-politique chinois, et retrace le contour des grandes réformes adoptées par les autorités chinoises depuis 1978. Il montre que les reformes structurelles de l’organisation de État, pour nécessaires qu’elles aient été pour accompagner la politique de croissance, ont aussi participé d’une économie politique constituée de rentes contrôlées et captées par le parti, du développement de formes d’échange illicites et de la croissance des inégalités, trois tendances qui ont conjugue leurs effets pour attiser les tensions dans le Parti et éroder significativement sa légitimité. Ce sont ces dynamiques qui expliquent à la fois les difficultés et contradictions de la gouvernance chinoise contemporaine et l’agenda des réformes tel qu’il se dessine aujourd’hui.
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- 56 rysunkami w tekście- Abstract in English, Russian. Taxa in Latin- Bibliogr. p. 56-60 (514-518)- Liczbowanie stron również: S. ...459-524- 56 rysunkami w tekście- Bibliogr. s. 56-60 (514-518)- Liczbowanie stron również: S. 459-524- Streszcz. i tyt. przy streszcz. ang. i ros. Nazwy taksonów także w jęz. łac.- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
Provider: - Institution: - Data provided by Europeana Collections- Abstract in Polish, Russian. Taxa in Latin- Bibliogr. p. 23-24 (93-94)- Numeracja stron również: S. 71-95- With 57 figures in the ...text- Bibliogr. s. 23-24 (93-94)- Numeracja stron również: S. 71-95- Streszcz. i tyt. przy streszcz. pol. i ros. Nazwy taksonów także w jęz. łac.- With 57 figures in the text- All metadata published by Europeana are available free of restriction under the Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication. However, Europeana requests that you actively acknowledge and give attribution to all metadata sources including Europeana
This paper comments on nomenclature of the name Piceion excelsae of Pawłowski et al. (1928), which should be preferably referred using the form “Piceion excelsae Pawłowski ex Pawłowski et al. 1928”. ...In the author’s opinion, the definition of Recommendation 46D in the current International Code of Phytosociological Nomenclature (author citations with “ex”) needs to be revised to define alternatively the difference in contrast to Recommendation 46C (author citations with “in”): to highlight the difference at the place and time of the valid publication of the name handled. The equally aged name “Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawłowski ex Pawłowski et al. 1928” is invalidly published. The oldest validly published homonym found should be ascribed to Walas (1933).
V članku obravnavamo poimenovanje zveze Piceion excelsae, ki so jo podali Pawłowski et al. (1928), kjer pa bi bilo bolje uporabiti obliko “Piceion excelsae Pawłowski ex Pawłowski et al. 1928”. Po avtorjevem mnenju definicija Priporočila 46D v trenutni obliki Mednarodnega kodeksa fitocenološke nomenklature (citati avtorjev z “ex”) potrebuje revizijo, ki bi opredelila razlike proti Priporočilu 46C (citati avtorjev z “in”): da bi izpostavili razlike med mestom in časom objave obravnavanega imena. Ime sintaksona “Fagetalia sylvaticae Pawłowski ex Pawłowski et al. 1928” je neveljavno objavljeno. Avtor najstarejšega veljavno objavljenega homonima je Walas (1933).
This article discusses the role of the former communist party elite (the nomenklatura) in the Bulgarian post-communist media landscape in relation to media ownership and the origin of media outlets’ ...capital. The spotlight is on Bulgarian journalists’ perceptions explored in semi-structured interviews with media professionals from the capital city, Sofia. The findings indicate that Bulgarian journalists are strongly interested in, and concerned with, the influence of members of the former nomenklatura and their informal networks on the Bulgarian media landscape and particularly on the way Bulgarian media in Bulgaria have been owned and financed since 1989.
PDF
