A novel Streptomyces, strain MUSC 149(T) was isolated from mangrove soil. A polyphasic approach was used to study the taxonomy of MUSC 149(T), which shows a range of phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic ...properties consistent with those of the members of the genus Streptomyces. The diamino acid of the cell wall peptidoglycan was LL-diaminopimelic acid. The predominant menaquinones were identified as MK9(H8) and MK9(H6). Phylogenetic analysis indicated that closely related strains include Streptomyces rhizophilus NBRC 108885(T) (99.2% sequence similarity), S. gramineus NBRC 107863(T) (98.7%) and S. graminisoli NBRC 108883(T) (98.5%). The DNA-DNA relatedness values between MUSC 149(T) and closely related type strains ranged from 12.4 ± 3.3% to 27.3 ± 1.9%. The DNA G + C content was determined to be 72.7 mol%. The extract of MUSC 149(T) exhibited strong antioxidant activity and chemical analysis reported identification of an antioxidant agent, Pyrrolo1,2-apyrazine-1,4-dione, hexahydro-. These data showed that metabolites of MUSC 149(T) shall be useful as preventive agent against free-radical associated diseases. Based on the polyphasic study of MUSC 149(T), the strain merits assignment to a novel species, for which the name S. mangrovisoli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MUSC 149(T) (=MCCC 1K00699(T)=DSM 100438(T)).
The genus Tuber (Tuberaceae, Pezizales) is an important fungal group of Ascomycota both economically and ecologically. However, the species diversity, phylogenetic relationships, and geographic ...distribution of Tuber species in China remains poorly
understood, primarily because descriptions of many new species relied heavily on morphological features with molecular data either not sought or ignored. The misapplication of European and North American names further added to confusion regarding the taxonomy of Chinese Tuber species.
In this study, we examined more than 1 000 specimens from China, and performed a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis for Chinese Tuber species using ITS sequences and multilocus sequence data. To infer the phylogeny of Chinese Tuber spp., 11 molecular datasets were assembled,
including a concatenated internal transcribed spacers of the nuc rDNA (ITS), nuc rDNA 28S subunit (LSU), translation elongation factor 1-alpha ( tef1-α), and RNA polymerase II subunit ( rpb2) dataset as well as 10 ITS datasets (totally including 1 435 sequences from 828
collections with 597 newly generated sequences, and 168 sequences from the types of 63 species). Our phylogenetic tree based on a concatenated multilocus dataset revealed that all Chinese Tuber species nested in nine phylogenetic clades (phylogroups), including Aestivum, Excavatum,
Latisporum, Macrosporum, Maculatum, Melanosporum, Puberulum, Rufum and Turmericum. Of these, five phylogroups ( Macrosporum, Maculatum, Melanosporum, Puberulum and Rufum) are shared across the continents of Asia,
Europe and North America; two phylogroups ( Aestivum and Excavatum) are shared by Europe and Asia; and the phylogroups Turmericum and Latisporum are endemic only to Asia. Phylogenetic trees based on 10 ITS datasets confirmed the presence of at least 82 phylogenetic
species in China. Of these, 53 are identified as known species, including three new records for China, and 25 species are identified as new to science. Of the new species, nine are described and illustrated in this paper, and the others remain unnamed due to the paucity or absence of ascomatal
materials. Accordingly, the confirmed, excluded and doubtful Tuber species in China are discussed. Tuber species showed high endemism. Of the 82 phylogenetic species found in China, 68 species occur only in China, six species are also found in other regions in Asia, and only
eight species ( T. anniae, T. excelsum-reticulatum, T. formosanum, T. maculatum, T. wenchuanense, Tuber sp. CHN-3, Tuber sp. CHN-10 and Tuber sp. CHN-11) are shared with other continents. Most Tuber species have a small and limited
distribution in China, but a few, such as T. formosanum and T. parvomurphium, are widely distributed across China. Some phylogenetically closely related species, such as T. liaotongense and T. subglobosum, as well as T. xuanhuaense and T. lijiangense,
show a pattern of allopatric distribution.
Recent publications have argued that there are potentially serious consequences for researchers in recognising distinct genera in the terminal fusarioid clade of the family Nectriaceae. Thus, an ...alternate hypothesis, namely a very broad concept of the genus Fusarium was proposed. In doing so, however, a significant body of data that supports distinct genera in Nectriaceae based on morphology, biology, and phylogeny is disregarded. A DNA phylogeny based on 19 orthologous protein-coding genes was presented to support a very broad concept of Fusarium at the F1 node in Nectriaceae. Here, we demonstrate that re-analyses of this dataset show that all 19 genes support the F3 node that represents Fusarium sensu stricto as defined by F. sambucinum (sexual morph synonym Gibberella pulicaris). The backbone of the phylogeny is resolved by the concatenated alignment, but only six of the 19 genes fully support the F1 node, representing the broad circumscription of Fusarium. Furthermore, a re-analysis of the concatenated dataset revealed alternate topologies in different phylogenetic algorithms, highlighting the deep divergence and unresolved placement of various Nectriaceae lineages proposed as members of Fusarium. Species of Fusarium s. str. are characterised by Gibberella sexual morphs, asexual morphs with thin- or thick-walled macroconidia that have variously shaped apical and basal cells, and trichothecene mycotoxin production, which separates them from other fusarioid genera. Here we show that the Wollenweber concept of Fusarium presently accounts for 20 segregate genera with clear-cut synapomorphic traits, and that fusarioid macroconidia represent a character that has been gained or lost multiple times throughout Nectriaceae. Thus, the very broad circumscription of Fusarium is blurry and without apparent synapomorphies, and does not include all genera with fusarium-like macroconidia, which are spread throughout Nectriaceae (e.g., Cosmosporella, Macroconia, Microcera). In this study four new genera are introduced, along with 18 new species and 16 new combinations. These names convey information about relationships, morphology, and ecological preference that would otherwise be lost in a broader definition of Fusarium. To assist users to correctly identify fusarioid genera and species, we introduce a new online identification database, Fusarioid-ID, accessible at www.fusarium.org. The database comprises partial sequences from multiple genes commonly used to identify fusarioid taxa (act1, CaM, his3, rpb1, rpb2, tef1, tub2, ITS, and LSU). In this paper, we also present a nomenclator of names that have been introduced in Fusarium up to January 2021 as well as their current status, types, and diagnostic DNA barcode data. In this study, researchers from 46 countries, representing taxonomists, plant pathologists, medical mycologists, quarantine officials, regulatory agencies, and students, strongly support the application and use of a more precisely delimited Fusarium (= Gibberella) concept to accommodate taxa from the robust monophyletic node F3 on the basis of a well-defined and unique combination of morphological and biochemical features. This F3 node includes, among others, species of the F. fujikuroi, F. incarnatum-equiseti, F. oxysporum, and F. sambucinum species complexes, but not species of Bisifusarium F. dimerum species complex (SC), Cyanonectria (F. buxicola SC), Geejayessia (F. staphyleae SC), Neocosmospora (F. solani SC) or Rectifusarium (F. ventricosum SC). The present study represents the first step to generating a new online monograph of Fusarium and allied fusarioid genera (www.fusarium.org).
Armophorean ciliates constitute an important component of microeukaryotic community in anaerobic or hypoxic environments. Yet, their diversity remains poorly known due to under-sampling or the ...scarcity of knowledge. In this study, three metopid ciliates, i.e.,
Metopus paraes
sp. n.,
Metopus spiculatus
sp. n., and
Metopus parapellitus
sp. n., collected from coastal sediments in Qingdao and Rizhao, China, were investigated using live observation, protargol staining, and molecular phylogenetic methods.
M. paraes
sp. n. can be distinguished by its long caudal cilia.
M. spiculatus
sp. n. resembles
M. vestitus
in many ways, but differs mainly in having a beak-like preoral dome end and a conspicuous tail. The most remarkable features of
M. parapellitus
sp. n. include an ovate body shape, caudal cilia located at the rear end and right posterior body, and an adoral zone that never extends onto the dorsal surface. Sequence divergences supported the species identification of these three species. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed that the
Metopus
is not monophyletic, and first revealed that all marine species of
Metopus
form a well-supported clade. The clustering of these marine forms with
M. es
(type species) is not rejected by the AU test, which infers that the marine clade represents the genus
Metopus
together with
M. es.
An isolation effort focused on sporogenous
from the Tagus estuary in Alcochete, Portugal, yielded a novel actinomycetal strain, designated MTZ3.1
, which was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic ...study. MTZ3.1
is characterised by morphology typical of members of the genus
, with light beige coloured substrate mycelium, which does not release pigments to the culture medium and with helicoidal aerial hyphae that differentiate into spores with a light-grey colour. The phylogeny of MTZ3.1
, based on the full 16S rRNA gene sequence, indicated that its closest relatives were
OF1
(98.48 %),
KK1-2
(98.41 %),
JCM 4342
(98.34 %),
NBRC 15454
(98.34 %) and
NRBC 13444
(98.34 %). Moreover, average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) are below the species cutoff values (ANI 67.70 and 68.35 %, AAI 77.06 and 76.71 % and dDDH 22.10 and 21.50 % for
OF1
and
KK1-2
, respectively). Whole genome sequencing revealed that MTZ3.1
has a genome of 5 644 485 bp with a DNA G+C content of 71.29 mol% and 5044 coding sequences. Physiologically, MTZ3.1
is strictly aerobic, able to grow at 15-37 °C, optimally at 25 °C and between pH5 and 8 and showed high salinity tolerance, growing with 0-10 %(w/v) NaCl. Major cellular fatty acids are C
, iso-C
, anteiso-C
and iso-C
. Furthermore, it was able to utilise a variety of nitrogen and carbon sources. Antimicrobial screening indicated that MTZ3.1
has potent anti-
activity. On the basis of the polyphasic data, MTZ3.1
is proposed to represent a novel species,
sp. nov. (= CECT 30416
= DSM 114037
=LMG 32463
).
A novel actinomycetal strain, designated M600PL45_2
, was isolated from marine sediments obtained from Ingleses beach, Porto, on the Northern Coast of Portugal and was subjected to a polyphasic ...taxonomic characterisation study. The here described Gram-reaction-positive strain is characterised by the production of a brown pigment in both solid and liquid medium and forms typical helical hyphae that differentiate into smooth spores. The results of a phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that M600PL45_2
has a high similarity to two members of the genus
,
ASO4wet
(98.51 %) and
NEAU ZJC8
(98.44 %). The genome of M600PL45_2
has a size of 6 695 159 bp, a DNA G+C content of 70.71 mol% and 5538 coding sequences. M600PL45_2
grows at 15-37 °C and with a maximal growth rate between 25 °C and 30 °C. Growth at pH 6.0 to 9.0 with the optimal range between 6.0 and 7.5 was observed. M600PL45_2
showed a high salinity tolerance, growing with 0-10 % (w/v) NaCl, with best growth with 1-3% (w/v) NaCl. Major cellular fatty acids are iso-C
(25.03 %), anteiso-C
(17.70) and iso-C
(26.90 %). The novel isolate was able to grow in media containing a variety of nitrogen and carbon sources. An antimicrobial activity screening indicated that an extract of M600PL45_2
has inhibitory activity against
. On the basis of the polyphasic data, M600PL45_2
(= CECT 30365
= DSM 114036
) is introduced as the type strain of a novel species, that we named
sp. nov.
The subphylum Saccharomycotina is a lineage in the fungal phylum Ascomycota that exhibits levels of genomic diversity similar to those of plants and animals. The Saccharomycotina consist of more than ...1 200 known species currently divided into 16 families,
one order, and one class. Species in this subphylum are ecologically and metabolically diverse and include important opportunistic human pathogens, as well as species important in biotechnological applications. Many traits of biotechnological interest are found in closely related species and
often restricted to single phylogenetic clades. However, the biotechnological potential of most yeast species remains unexplored. Although the subphylum Saccharomycotina has much higher rates of genome sequence evolution than its sister subphylum, Pezizomycotina, it contains
only one class compared to the 16 classes in Pezizomycotina. The third subphylum of Ascomycota, the Taphrinomycotina, consists of six classes and has approximately 10 times fewer species than the Saccharomycotina. These data indicate that the current classification
of all these yeasts into a single class and a single order is an underappreciation of their diversity. Our previous genome-scale phylogenetic analyses showed that the Saccharomycotina contains 12 major and robustly supported phylogenetic clades; seven of these are current families (Lipomycetaceae,
Trigonopsidaceae, Alloascoideaceae, Pichiaceae, Phaffomycetaceae, Saccharomycodaceae, and Saccharomycetaceae), one comprises two current families (Dipodascaceae and Trichomonascaceae), one represents the genus Sporopachydermia, and three represent lineages
that differ in their translation of the CUG codon (CUG-Ala, CUG-Ser1, and CUG-Ser2). Using these analyses in combination with relative evolutionary divergence and genome content analyses, we propose an updated classification for the Saccharomycotina, including seven classes and 12 orders
that can be diagnosed by genome content. This updated classification is consistent with the high levels of genomic diversity within this subphylum and is necessary to make the higher rank classification of the Saccharomycotina more comparable to that of other fungi, as well as to communicate
efficiently on lineages that are not yet formally named.
Trichoderma
spp. are a group of widespread fungi with important applications in many aspects of human life, but they are also pathogens that cause green mold disease on mushrooms. During a survey of ...mushroom cultivation in Guizhou, China, five strains of
Trichoderma
from three different localities were isolated from soil in mushroom bags of
Hymenopellis raphanipes
. The typical morphology of having gregarious, reddish stromata and gregarious phialides and the results of phylogenetic analyses based on a combined dataset of RPB2, TEF, and ITS gene sequences demonstrated that these green-spored
Trichoderma
belong to a new taxon,
Trichoderma hymenopellicola
. Pathogenicity tests by covering fungal mycelial blocks or soil mixed with spore suspension in mushroom bags showed similar symptoms to those in the field, and the same fungal pathogen had been observed and re-isolated from these symptoms, which fulfill Koch’s postulates. A primary screening test of nine common fungicides indicated that prochloraz-manganese chloride complex and propiconazole are the top two effective fungicides inhibiting the pathogen, whereas the former was further indicated as a suitable fungicide to control
Trichoderma hymenopellicola
, with a high inhibition ratio to the pathogen and low toxicity to the mushroom.
The subphylum Saccharomycotina is a lineage in the fungal phylum Ascomycota that exhibits levels of genomic diversity similar to those of plants and animals. The Saccharomycotina consist of more than ...1 200 known species currently divided into 16 families, one order, and one class. Species in this subphylum are ecologically and metabolically diverse and include important opportunistic human pathogens, as well as species important in biotechnological applications. Many traits of biotechnological interest are found in closely related species and often restricted to single phylogenetic clades. However, the biotechnological potential of most yeast species remains unexplored. Although the subphylum Saccharomycotina has much higher rates of genome sequence evolution than its sister subphylum, Pezizomycotina , it contains only one class compared to the 16 classes in Pezizomycotina . The third subphylum of Ascomycota , the Taphrinomycotina , consists of six classes and has approximately 10 times fewer species than the Saccharomycotina . These data indicate that the current classification of all these yeasts into a single class and a single order is an underappreciation of their diversity. Our previous genome-scale phylogenetic analyses showed that the Saccharomycotina contains 12 major and robustly supported phylogenetic clades; seven of these are current families ( Lipomycetaceae , Trigonopsidaceae , Alloascoideaceae , Pichiaceae , Phaffomycetaceae , Saccharomycodaceae , and Saccharomycetaceae ), one comprises two current families ( Dipodascaceae and Trichomonascaceae ), one represents the genus Sporopachydermia , and three represent lineages that differ in their translation of the CUG codon (CUG-Ala, CUG-Ser1, and CUG-Ser2). Using these analyses in combination with relative evolutionary divergence and genome content analyses, we propose an updated classification for the Saccharomycotina , including seven classes and 12 orders that can be diagnosed by genome content. This updated classification is consistent with the high levels of genomic diversity within this subphylum and is necessary to make the higher rank classification of the Saccharomycotina more comparable to that of other fungi, as well as to communicate efficiently on lineages that are not yet formally named.
Meristematic fungi are mainly defined as having aggregates of thick-walled, melanised cells enlarging and reproducing by isodiametric division. Dothideomycetes black meristematic and ...meristematic-like fungi have been allied to Myriangiales , which currently has two accepted families, Myriangiaceae and Elsinoaceae , with fungi mainly regarded as pathogens, parasites, saprobes and epiphytes of different plant species. This study aimed to verify the phylogenetic position using four nuclear markers (SSU, LSU, ITS and RPB2 ) of the incertae sedis genera associated with Myriangiales , namely Endosporium , Gobabebomyces , Lembosiniella and Phaeosclera , and the new genus, Endophytium gen. nov. (including E. albocacti sp. nov. and E. cacti sp. nov. ), established for endophytic fungi occurring in cacti in Brazil. Based on morphology, lifestyle and phylogenetic inferences, these black meristematic and meristematic-like fungi cannot be accommodated in Myriangiales . Combining these results, three new orders and two new families are introduced: Endophytiales ord. nov. (including Endophytiaceae fam. nov. for Endophytium gen. nov. ), Endosporiales ord. nov. (including Endosporiaceae for Endosporium ) and Phaeosclerales ord. nov. (including Phaeoscleraceae fam. nov. for Phaeosclera ). Gobabebomyces and Lembosiniella remained incertae sedis due totheir disposition in the phylogenetic tree, that moved among clades accordingly with the gene analysed. Our results show thatthe inclusion of endophytic fungi obtained from plants in dry forests can contribute to the discovery of new taxa,clarify thephylogenetic position of allied taxa and confer information to the estimation of national and global fungal diversity.
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