Hyponatraemia, defined as sodium concentration below 135 mmol/l, is one of the most common electrolyte imbalances. Differential diagnosis of hyponatraemia is difficult. We describe 3 cases of ...children with transient, severe hyponatraemia (< 125 mmol/l). While diagnosing hyponatraemia, it is of major importance to carefully ask in the anamnesis about habits related to the amount of fluid intake and the type of consumed fluids.
It should also be noted that a frequent procedure during an infection is to increase fluid ingesting as a prevention of dehydration. One, however, should remember about the possibility of inducing water poisoning in a patient consuming excessive amounts of hypotonic fluids, especially when exposed to non-osmotic antidiuretic hormone stimulus, such as an acute infection or stress, and/or reduced renal excretory capacity. Only the presence of polyuria does not justify a diagnosis of arginine vasopressin deficiency (AVP-D), and especially the implementation of desmopressin treatment before all diagnostic procedures are completed, specifically in the case of hyponatraemia. Desmopressin can be used simultaneously with intravenous 3% saline solution only in the treatment of a very severe hyponatraemia, to avoid overcorrection of natraemia. In patients after profound hyponatraemia, polyuria can be observed after normalisation of fluid intake, but it is temporary.
Hiponatremia, definiowana jako stężenie sodu poniżej 135 mmol/l, jest jednym z najczęstszych zaburzeń gospodarki elektrolitowej. Diagnostyka różnicowa hiponatremii jest trudna. W pracy przedstawiono 3 przypadki dzieci z przejściową, ciężką hiponatremią (< 125 mmol/l). W diagnostyce hiponatremii istotne jest dokładne zebranie informacji dotyczących ilości oraz rodzaju spożywanych płynów. Należy dodać, że częstym postępowaniem w czasie infekcji jest zwiększenie spożycia płynów w celu zapobiegania odwodnieniu. Trzeba jednak pamiętać o możliwości wywołania zatrucia wodnego u pacjenta spożywającego wcześniej nadmierne ilości płynów hipotonicznych, szczególnie w przypadku narażenia na bodziec nieosmotyczny sprzyjający wydzielaniu wazopresyny, taki jak ostra infekcja lub stres i/lub zmniejszona zdolność wydalnicza nerek. Samo występowanie wielomoczu nie uprawnia do rozpoznania niedoboru wazopresyny argininowej (AVP-D), a zwłaszcza do wdrożenia leczenia desmopresyną przed zakończeniem badań diagnostycznych, szczególnie w przypadku hiponatremii. Desmopresynę można stosować jednocześnie z dożylnym 3-procentowym roztworem soli fizjologicznej jedynie w leczeniu bardzo ciężkiej hiponatremii, aby uniknąć nadmiernej korekcji natremii. U pacjentów po wystąpieniu ciężkiej hiponatremii po normalizacji podaży płynów można zaobserwować wielomocz, jednak ma on charakter przejściowy.
: Opines constitute a small subfamily of Mesozoic astartid bivalves that lived mostly in the Tethys Sea region. They first appeared in western Europe during the Middle Triassic, became most ...widespread during the Jurassic and had their first undoubted appearance in the New World during the Late Jurassic. Their Pacific slope of North America record is studied in detail for the first time. The earliest of the Pacific slope opines is Opis californica Stanton of Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian or Barremian) age. The other six opine species in the study area are of Late Cretaceous age (collectively Middle Turonian – early Late Maastrichtian), have hinges bearing two strong cardinal teeth in each valve, and are placed in the new subgenus Hesperopsis, which is the first astartid to have a partially internal ligament. These six species comprise two morphological lineages inferred to have evolved from O. (H.) popenoei sp. nov. The ‘holzana’ lineage includes O. (H.) holzana sp. nov. and O. (H.) rosarioensis Anderson and Hanna. The ‘anae’ lineage includes O. (H.) anae sp. nov., O. (H.) vancouverensis Whiteaves and O. (H.) triangulata (Cooper). Hesperopis lived in warm temperate waters in offshore shelfal areas. It had a vertical commissure and probably lived as an edgewise recliner. Through time, the species of both lineages became larger and either broader or more elongate. Neither Opis shastalis Anderson, of Aptian age, nor Opis virginalis Waring, of late Palaeocene age, are opines. A junior secondary homonym of Opis trigonalis (Sowerby) was detected and is renamed here as Opis tamurai nom nov.
W artykule Ekfraza konotacyjna: Batszeba Rembrandta w ujęciu Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego w centrum uwagi znajduje się problem opisu dzieła sztuki w eseju. Punktem wyjścia do analizy i ...interpretacji deskrypcji artefaktu, tj. Batszeby Rembrandta, jest przybliżenie go z perspektywy historii sztuki. W dalszej części tekst skupia się na werbalnej relacji o obrazie, jaką przynosi esej Gustawa Herlinga-Grudzińskiego Rembrandt w miniaturze. Celem jest przedstawienie konkretnej realizacji formy ekfrazy, a także wskazanie na charakterystyczny tryb widzenia dzieła i pisania o nim – tak w warstwie treściowej, jak językowej. Na końcu pojawia się (wraz z uzasadnieniem) propozycja nazwania omawianego przykładu ekfrazą konotacyjną.
This paper investigates algebraic objects equipped with an operator, such as operated monoids, operated algebras etc. Various free object functors in these operated contexts are explicitly ...constructed. For operated algebras whose operator satisfies a set Φ of relations (usually called operated polynomial identities (aka. OPIs)), Guo defined free objects, called free Φ-algebras, via universal algebra. Free Φ-algebras over algebras are studied in details. A mild sufficient condition is found such that Φ together with a Gröbner-Shirshov basis of an algebra A form a Gröbner-Shirshov basis of the free Φ-algebra over algebra A in the sense of Guo et al.. Ample examples for which this condition holds are provided, such as all Rota-Baxter type OPIs, a class of differential type OPIs, averaging OPIs and Reynolds OPI.
V prispevku se obravnava besednovrstna kategorizacija s stališča navajanja besednovrstnih oznak v slovarskem opruiročniku za slovenski jezik na splošni ravni, veljavni ne glede na določeni slovarski ...koncept. Uvodoma je prikazana svojskost besednovrstnega kategoriziranja v slovnični teoriji, čemur sledi ponazoritev vloge besednovrstnega določanja leksikalnih enot znotraj slovarskega pomenskega opisa. Ob primerih za povedkovnik, členek in izdeležniške tvorjenke je prikazan razvoj besednovrstnega kategoriziranja v doslejšnjih slovenskih slovarjih in na osnovi tega so podane smernice za besednovrstno označevanje leksikalnih enot v prihodnjih slovenskih slovarskih priročnikih.
Acephate is commonly used as a seed treatment (ST) in precision agriculture, but its impact on pollinators, earthworms, and soil microorganisms remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the fate ...of acephate seed dressing (SD) and seed coating (SC) treatments and assess potential risks to bees, earthworms, and soil microorganisms. Additionally, a follow-up study on maize seeds treated with acephate in a greenhouse was conducted to evaluate the maize growth process and the dissipation dynamics of the insecticide. The results indicated that acephate SC led to greater uptake and translocation in maize plants, resulting in lower residue levels in the soil. However, high concentrations of acephate metabolites in the soil had a negative impact on the body weight of earthworms, whereas acephate itself did not. The potential risk to bees from exposure to acephate ST was determined to be low, but dose-dependent effects were observed. Furthermore, acephate ST had no significant effect on soil bacterial community diversity and abundance compared to a control. This study provides valuable insights into the uptake and translocation of acephate SD and SC, and indicates that SC is safer than SD in terms of adverse effects on bees and nontarget soil organisms.
Synopsis
This study evaluated the ecological safety of acephate seed treatment on maize seeds, soil microorganisms, earthworms and bees, as well as its efficacy against pests. Display omitted
•ST promotes seedling growth in maize.•SC is more effective than SD against S. frugiperda.•Exposure risks of acephate and methamidophos to bees were assessed.•The impact of ST on soil microbial community diversity and abundance was analyzed.•Potential risks to earthworms was determined using artificial and natural soils.
Hypoglycemic encephalopathy (HE) is a type of encephalopathy resulting from extremely low blood glucose level. Symptoms are not specific and can be misdiagnosed very often. It can occur during deep ...and/or prolonged hypoglycemia, which may be a result of inadequately controlled diabetes.
Here, we report a case of an 11-year old male patient diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus treated with the use of insulin pump who was admitted to the Pediatric Neurology Department because of multiple incidents of seizures. Boy was found unconscious by his mother. The blood glucose level on the glucometer was 35 mg/dl. It turned out that the reason of hypoglycemia was inadequate insulin dosing. He was given intravenous glucose by the ambulance service without improvement in the state of consciousness. Brain MRI revealed in both cerebral hemispheres, symmetrically, elevated white matter signal, mainly in the subcortex and cortex of the frontal and occipital and parietal lobes with features of diffusion restriction. EEG revealed generalized slow brain activity, without obvious epileptiform. Boy was provided with a variety of antiepileptic drugs. Unfortunately, none of them yielded with satisfactory results so far and the patient is still suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy.
In conclusion, glucose is one of the key metabolic agents for the proper brain function and any imbalances in its blood level may impair the neuronal computation. Thus, it is extremely important, especially among diabetic patients, to control glucose blood level and avoid any disturbances, as they may lead to severe consequences, such as HE and drug-resistant epilepsy.
Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest problematyce opisu jako formy wypowiedzi mówionej i pisanej na przykładzie wypowiedzi/tekstów jednego ucznia z niepełnosprawnością w stopniu lekkim. Została w nim ...przeprowadzona ocena wypowiedzi pisanej na podstawie profilu grafomotorycznego, ocena zasobu leksykalnego oraz ocena struktury wypowiedzi. Analiza wypowiedzi mówionej oparta została na realizacji takich procedur, jak generalizacja zdarzeń, przestrzenność, prezentatywność, atemporalność. Wyniki przeprowadzonych badań potwierdzają obniżoną sprawność ucznia z niepełnosprawnością umysłową w stopniu lekkim w posługiwaniu się opisem zarówno w formie ustnej, jak i pisanej. Niedostatki w realizacji poszczególnych wypowiedzi wynikają ze stanu niepełnosprawności intelektualnej, która ogranicza rozwój sprawności językowych i komunikacyjnych jednostki, ale też wielu innych uwarunkowań.
Descriptions of Interjections in Selected Polish Dictionaries from 19th Century
The author of the text analyses interjections present in three Polish dictionaries from the 19th century: the ...dictionaries by S.B. Linde, J.S. Bandtkie and A. Osiński, which are a part of a larger linguistic collection created in order to study and describe historical Polish interjections. The article takes into account the internal diversity of the historical class of interjections in the light of the lexicographers’ attempts to describe such units. Our attention is drawn to the lack of graphical normalization of interjections in the dictionaries, as well as the inconsistency of their marking and definition on the one hand, and the wide range of functional variants on the other. Differences in the manner of presentation of interjections in these dictionaries are also taken into account. Moreover, the author emphasizes the fact that they include a large number of animal-related (hunting) interjections. The study of the dictionary materials confirmed that their authors did not work out a method of a lexicographical description of these linguistic units.
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