Although over the counter (OTC) drugs are believed to be relatively safe, their inappropriate use could have serious implications. The aim of the study was to assess the practice of self-medication, ...prevalence of risky practice and its associated factors in pharmacy outlets of Asmara, Eritrea.
A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 609 customers in 20 pharmacy outlets in Asmara between August and September, 2017. Two-stage cluster sampling was employed and data were collected using a structured questionnaire through face to face exit interviews. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were performed using SPSS (version 22).
Of the 609 customers, 93.7% had practiced self-medication with OTC drugs; of which 81.8% were at risky practice. On average, each participant was using OTC drugs at least once a month (Median = 1, IQR = 3.67). Educational level (p < 0.0001), religion (p = 0.047), occupation (p = 0.027) and knowledge regarding OTC drugs (p = 0.019) were significantly associated with risky practice. Respondents with elementary and below educational level were fifteen times (AOR = 15.49, CI: 1.97, 121.80) at higher risk compared to those with higher education, and students were almost three times (AOR = 2.96, CI: 1.13, 7.73) at higher risk than governmental employees. Furthermore, respondents with below average score in knowledge were more likely to be engaged in risky practice (AOR = 1.83, CI: 1.11, 3.04) compared to those with above average score. The most frequently preferred OTC drug group was analgesics (34.3%) followed by antipyretics (15.7%) and cough and cold preparations (14.2%). About 14% of the respondents admitted that they had taken more than the recommended dose and 6.9% had experienced drug related problems following the consumption of OTC drugs. Always, 35% of the respondents read package insert(s) and 73.9% check expiry dates while purchasing OTC drugs. Refrigerating OTC drugs, where it is not recommended, was also one of the prominent risky practices.
This study revealed that inappropriate self-medication practice with OTC drugs was prevalent requiring early intervention to minimize the risks.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
A stockpile heated and ambient air dryer (SHAD) was developed as an alternative to conventional almond windrow drying. Previous experiments showe that the drying air produced by SHAD was undesirably ...distributed through the almond stockpile. Therefore, an air distributor was developed containing 12 outlets, arranged in 4 rows of 3 outlets each. This study describes the comprehensive process of the air distributor design, manufacturing, and its optimization. The optimization process employed both computational fluid dynamics simulations and in-field airflow validation measurements. Initial 4-row air distributor in-field validation measurements indicated airflow distribution percentages were 4.1%, 30.8%, 44.9%, and 20.2% for the outlets in rows 1 through 4. This showed that almonds located around row 1 would not receive sufficient air to properly dry. Thus, an optimized 3-row air distributor configuration was developed and validated to yield an airflow distribution percentage of 31.3%, 44.4%, and 24.3% for outlets in the second to fourth rows, respectively. The 3-row air distributor configuration is therefore desirable, as the middle and tallest section of the stockpile will receive the highest airflow. The air distributor therefore markedly enhanced the SHAD's air supply distribution.
•Drying air supplied by SHAD was unevenly distributed in the almond stockpile.•A multi-outlet air distributor was developed to improve air delivery.•Optimized air distributor design contained 3 rows, with 3 outlets on each row.•Air supply was highest in the middle row, where there are most almonds to dry.•The SHAD with air distributor significantly improved the air distribution supply.
Plastic pollution has caused increasing global concern. Currently, model estimates of the riverine plastic inputs to the global oceans based on the concept of Mismanaged Plastic Waste (MPW) varied ...substantially, and no field measurements of riverine inputs were available. We conducted sampling at the eight major river outlets of the Pearl River Delta, South China with rapid economic growth and urbanization to provide field measured data for fine-tuning modeling results. Floating microplastics (MPs) were collected with a Manta net (mesh size of 0.33 mm) five times during 2018. Microplastic particles (0.3–5.0 mm) widely occurred in all sampling sites. The number and mass concentrations of MPs were in the ranges of 0.005–0.7 particles m–3 and 0.004–1.28 mg m–3 and were positively correlated with water discharges. The annual riverine input of MPs from the Pearl River Delta was estimated at 39 billion particles or 66 tons, which converts to 2400–3800 tons of plastic debris based on calculations described in Text S2. These values were substantially below the MPW-based model estimates (91,000–170,000 tons). The large difference between measured and modeling results may have derived from the large uncertainty in the MPW values assigned to the world’s countries/regions.
Holleford Crater is a deeply buried, 2.35 km diameter late Proterozoic‐early Cambrian (550 ± 50 Ma) simple impact crater located in southeastern Ontario, Canada. Exploration drilling in the 1950–60s ...indicated a >450 m deep, simple impact structure with an infill stratigraphy of Cambro‐Ordovician clastic and carbonate sediments and a −2.2 mGal gravity anomaly. We conducted new ground‐based geophysical surveys (magnetics, gravity) and potential field modeling to better resolve the buried impact structure depth, subsurface geometry, and postimpact modification. Geophysical surveys reveal a well‐defined ~3 mGal Bouguer gravity low and <20 nT residual magnetic anomaly over the crater basin. The lack of a well‐defined magnetic anomaly is due to the low magnetic contrast between Mesoproterozoic metasedimentary target rocks and Paleozoic infill sediments. The modeled basement surface shows a deeply buried (>400 m), eroded simple impact structure with a rim‐to‐rim diameter (D) of 1.8–2 km, a residual rim height of about 30 m and a true depth (dt) >400 m. The modeled diameter is smaller than the previous estimate (2.35 km) based on the surface outcrop pattern of Paleozoic strata, which overestimates the buried impact structure dimensions. The modeled basement surface identifies a rim breach and a possible fluvial outflow channel in the southeast impact structure rim. The channel is up to 150 m deep and 400 m in width and has morphology similar to outlet channels produced by fluvial rim dissection of terrestrial impact structures and “tadpole craters” on Mars.
According to the most important safety and standards agency in the United States and adopted by most Latin American countries, the NFPA, several dozen people died from electrocution in 2021 alone. ...The experimental results presented show that the model can achieve good accuracy in classifying the conditions of the Electrical Outlets. Keywords: Preventive Maintenance, Electrical Outlets, Vision Transformer, Artificial Intelligence, Computer Vision. 1.Introducción Según la National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 126 trabajadores murieron por exposición a la electricidad en 2020 (Campbell, 2022). El mantenimiento preventivo es la inspección realizada a cualquier tipo de sistema o aparato con el fin de evitar dentro de lo posible la mayor cantidad de daños imprevistos (Botero, 1991).
Polls show a strong decline in public trust of traditional news outlets; however, social media offers new avenues for receiving news content. This experiment used the Facebook API to manipulate ...whether a news story appeared to have been posted on Facebook by one of the respondent's real‐life Facebook friends. Results show that social media recommendations improve levels of media trust, and also make people want to follow more news from that particular media outlet in the future. Moreover, these effects are amplified when the real‐life friend sharing the story on social media is perceived as an opinion leader. Implications for democracy and the news business are discussed.
The paper concerns the possibility of accelerating the start-up of a steam boiler with the natural circulation. Shortening the start-up time will reduce start-up losses, including support fuel ...consumption. The paper presents the start-up for boiler from the cold, warm, and hot states. Using the European Standard EN 12952-3 permissible heating and cooling rates were determined for thick-walled components of the boilers, i.e. drums and the live steam outlet header. The pressure and temperature curves for the drum and outlet header of the boiler were also found. Moreover, a new method of the optimum heating of boiler drums proposed by the co-authors of the paper was used to determine optimum temperature and pressure changes of the fluid. In the proposed method of the heating optimization of boiler pressure components, abrupt fluid temperature changes are allowed at the beginning of the heating process. The calculations performed by both of these procedures, the Standard EN 12952-3 and proposed method, indicate that the boiler start-up time can be shortened from 6.5 to approximately 2 h.
•Accelerating the start-up of a boiler with the natural circulation was proposed.•The paper presents the start-up for boiler from the cold, warm, and hot states.•The optimum start-up curves for the boiler were determined.•The European Standard EN 12952-3 and the method proposed by the authors were used.•The boiler start-up time can be shortened from 6.5 to approximately 2 h.
Environmental stresses dramatically impact the balance between the production of photosynthetically derived energetic electrons and Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle (CBBC) activity; an imbalance promotes ...accumulation of reactive oxygen species and causes cell damage. Hence, photosynthetic organisms have developed several strategies to route electrons toward alternative outlets that allow for storage or harmless dissipation of their energy. In this work, we explore the activities of three essential outlets associated with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii photosynthetic electron transport: (i) reduction of O₂ to H₂O through flavodiiron proteins (FLVs) and (ii) plastid terminal oxidases (PTOX) and (iii) the synthesis of starch. Real-time measurements of O₂ exchange have demonstrated that FLVs immediately engage during dark-to-light transitions, allowing electron transport when the CBBC is not fully activated. Under these conditions, we quantified maximal FLV activity and its overall capacity to direct photosynthetic electrons toward O₂ reduction. However, when starch synthesis is compromised, a greater proportion of the electrons is directed toward O₂ reduction through both the FLVs and PTOX, suggesting an important role for starch synthesis in priming/regulating CBBC and electron transport. Moreover, partitioning energized electrons between sustainable (starch; energetic electrons are recaptured) and nonsustainable (H₂O; energetic electrons are not recaptured) outlets is part of the energy management strategy of photosynthetic organisms that allows them to cope with the fluctuating conditions encountered in nature. Finally, unmasking the repertoire and control of such energetic reactions offers new directions for rational redesign and optimization of photosynthesis to satisfy global demands for food and other resources.
Neighborhood Interventions to Reduce Violence Kondo, Michelle C; Andreyeva, Elena; South, Eugenia C ...
Annual review of public health,
04/2018, Letnik:
39, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Violence is a widespread problem that affects the physical, mental, and social health of individuals and communities. Violence comes with an immense economic cost to its victims and society at large. ...Although violence interventions have traditionally targeted individuals, changes to the built environment in places where violence occurs show promise as practical, sustainable, and high-impact preventive measures. This review examines studies that use quasi-experimental or experimental designs to compare violence outcomes for treatment and control groups before and after a change is implemented in the built environment. The most consistent evidence exists in the realm of housing and blight remediation of buildings and land. Some evidence suggests that reducing alcohol availability, improving street connectivity, and providing green housing environments can reduce violent crimes. Finally, studies suggest that neither transit changes nor school openings affect community violence.
•Vapor–liquid refrigerant separation in vertical impact T-junction is studied experimentally.•A simple correlation of liquid falling in upward vertical tube is derived.•Modified models for annular ...and stratified-wavy flow are developed based on the liquid falling correlation.
In this paper, the performance of a vertical impacting T-junction acting as a phase separator for application in thermodynamic cycles was investigated experimentally. The T-junction had a horizontal inlet tube (internal diameter 8.0mm) and two equal-sized vertical outlet branches (internal diameter 17.5mm). All experiments were conducted using refrigerant R134a, with inlet mass flux and quality being varied in the range of 100 to 600kg·m−2·s−1 and 0.1 to 0.6, respectively. Flow regimes prior to the T-junction were identified and characterized. Effects of vapor and liquid velocity as well as the opening of control valve on the liquid separation efficiency were investigated. It was found that the separation efficiency deteriorated dramatically as the vapor phase Froude number in the upward tube increased. Liquid falling phenomenon in the upward branch was observed, and a simple correlation between the fraction of falling liquid and the vapor phase Froude number was derived. On the basis of this correlation, modified models for phase separation of annular and stratified-wavy flow in a vertical impacting T-junction were developed. The average absolute deviation between the predicted liquid mass flow ratio at the bottom outlet of the T-junction and those measured values is about 6.4% and 6.9% for annular flow and stratified-wavy flow respectively.
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