This was the first textbook on social network analysis integrating theory, applications, and professional software for performing network analysis (Pajek). Step by step, the book introduces the main ...structural concepts and their applications in social research with exercises to test the understanding. An application section explaining how to perform the network analyses with Pajek software follows each theoretical section. Pajek software and datasets for all examples are freely available, so the reader can learn network analysis by doing it. In addition, each chapter offers case studies for practising network analysis. In the end, the reader has the knowledge, skills, and tools to apply social network analysis in all social sciences, ranging from anthropology and sociology to business administration and history.
Pajek is a program package for analysis and visualization of large networks (networks containing up to one billion of vertices, there is no limit—except the memory size—on the number of lines). It ...has been available for 20 years. The program, documentation and supporting material can be downloaded and used for free for noncommercial use from its web page:
http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/pajek/
Graphical abstract:
Pajek about—information about authors, development and conditions of use.
•Tackles multiple analytical levels and criteria when exploring social structure.•Explicates sociometric principles and methodological and measurement standards.•Improves indexical analysis of ...complete valued networks.•Introduces innovative computational approaches and software algorithms.•Contributes to the archetypal data sets that define the field.
This paper contributes to the exploration and analysis of compatibility and diversity across multiple, interrelated, structural configurations of groups geared toward the attainment of some objective requiring cooperative activity. The systemic nature of such contexts is addressed through a requisite approach that conforms to sociometric principles and methodological and measurement standards. Indexical properties, formulations, and computations are discussed in detail, and the provision of sample interpretations, along with an extensive array of visuals, fosters informed implementation. A classic data set is tackled with precision regarding its conception, construction and assimilation. The questions that this data set raises proffer innovative computational advancements, serving to promote it as one of the archetypes to be used in the teaching and research of social network analysis.
Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) has threatened human life, so it has become necessary to study this disease from many aspects. This study aims to identify the nature of the effect of interdependence ...between these countries and the impact of each other on each other by designating these countries as heads for the proposed graph and measuring the distance between them using the ultrametric spanning tree. In this paper, a network of countries in the Middle East is described using the tools of graph theory.
•The unweighted directed network subway construction accident network (SCAN) is integrated with 26 vertices and 49 edges.•Pajek 3.08 was employed to assist in identifying SCAN and analyzing ...corresponding topological parameters.•If vertices with high degree are attacked simultaneously, SCAN will be vulnerable and turned into isolated sub-networks.•SCAN obeys small-world properties, exhibiting much faster accident propagation than a regular network.
Accident case analysis has been widely adopted to promote construction safety. Learning from past accidents is effective to avoid similar dangerous situations or accidents. An accident is often the result of a sequence of previous accidents, or the cause of the next accidents. There is an accident chain or network in practice. Instead of analyzing a single accident, this study uses network theory to explore the complexity of the subway construction accident network (SCAN). Pajek was employed to identify SCAN and analyze corresponding topological characteristics. As a result, an unweighted directed network with 26 vertices and 49 edges was obtained. Five parameters were calculated for better capturing the structure of SCAN. The cumulative degree distribution obeys power-law distribution. This indicates that SCAN is resilience to random attacks. If some high-degree vertices are attacked at the same instant, SCAN is turned to be vulnerable and isolated. The characteristics of big clustering coefficient and short average path length denote that SCAN is a small-world network. This type of network demonstrates faster accident propagation than regular networks. Almost 60% of shortest paths contain collapse of soil, struck-by, explosion and collapse of machine. Effectively controlling these four types of accidents can increase average path length and diameter. As a result, accident propagation efficiency can lower, and chain reaction is dampened in this accident network. Topological parameters analysis is beneficial to understanding the mechanism and capturing the complexity of SCAN. It is helpful to restraint original accidents, and prevent secondary and derivative accidents, which can assist in improving safety management on subway construction sites.
AbstractConstruction project managers are often faced with the challenge of managing a complex construction process consisting of multiple trades working on a large number of interdependent tasks. A ...social network is a pattern of ties that exist between different entities (i.e., people, organizations, countries). There is an underlying social network of trades that exists with a construction project and recognizing it can help a management team succeed in this challenging environment. A $50 million project involving 43 trades was studied over a 28-week period. Pajek, a social network analysis program, was used to generate a series of 14 social networks for the trades involved. Both degree and eigenvector centrality were analyzed to reflect the distribution of relationships through the network and to identify the key trades. This research is useful to project managers and is significant as it outlines and illustrates a method of identifying the underlying network and associated key trades of a construction project based on spatial proximity. While this research is based upon an individual case study, the apsects of this research are repeatable. The methods presented in this paper will enable others to develop a social network that is tailored for a specific aspect of a project, ranging from contract development teams to the individual trades using a critical path method (CPM) schedule.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, FGGLJ, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology has promoted the development of the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry, but has encountered many barriers to its application in ...China. Therefore, identifying the barriers to BIM application and capturing their interactions are essential in order to control and eliminate the determined barriers. From this standpoint, 23 BIM application barriers were identified through a literature review and expert interviews. Furthermore, the interactions among them were determined based on the Delphi method, which was the foundation for establishing the BIM application barrier network (BABN). Then, the software Pajek was employed to construct the network model and reveal its topological characteristics based on complex network theory, including degree, betweenness, eigenvector, clustering coefficient, network diameter, and average path length. As indicated by the results, BABN possesses scale-free network property because its cumulative degree distribution obeys power–law distribution. BABN is also a small-world network, due to its relatively high clustering coefficient as well as small average path length, implying that barrier propagation in BABN is fast. In addition, the results are discussed and recommendations are proposed. This research will help BIM stakeholders to develop coping strategies to control and eliminate BIM application barriers for the sake of driving BIM sustainable development.
Managing household solid waste (HSW) has gone beyond what the Harare local government can handle. Inadequate knowledge of the interactions existing between issues that affect the efficient running of ...waste management systems is one of the major hindrances in waste management planning in developing countries like Zimbabwe. The complexity of the waste management system for a given municipal area needs to be identified and understood to generate appropriate and efficient waste management strategies. Network analysis (NA) is a methodology extensively used in research to help reveal a comprehensive picture of the relationships and factors related to a particular phenomenon. The methodology reduces the intricacy of large systems such as waste management to smaller and more understandable structures. In this study, NA, which was done mainly using the R software environment, showed a result of 1.5% for network density, thus signifying that for Harare, waste management strategies need to be ‘seeded’ in various parts of the system. The Pareto principle and the 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) concept were applied to suggest the issues to prioritize and generate strategies that could potentially affect significant change to the city’s waste management system. The key issues identified, in their order of importance, are an increase in uncollected waste, low waste collection efficiency, increase in illegal waste dumping, the deteriorating country’s economy, reduced municipal financial capacity, reduced municipal workforce capacity, inadequate or unreliable waste data, increase in waste volume, increase in the number of street vendors, no waste planning and monitoring unit, no engineered landfills in the city, increase in waste collection pressure, low waste collection frequency, increase in the unemployment rate, reduced municipal technical capacity, few waste collection vehicles, limited vehicles maintenance, distinct socio-economic classes, high vehicles breakdown, and increase in population.
Se aborda la estructura social de la comunidad española y latinoamericana de investigadores en Comunicación. Para ello se representan y analizan las redes de coautorías en tres niveles: naciones, ...instituciones y autores. Estas redes se construyen a partir de los artículos de revistas indexadas en la Web of Science categorizadas dentro del área "Communication" y publicados entre 2000 y 2019 por autores con afiliación a un centro español o latinoamericano (n = 5.040). Se busca así caracterizar estructuralmente cada red, identificar los actores más centrales y delimitar las relaciones más relevantes entre los nodos y medir la cohesión de la red, así como trazar la evolución de las coautorías en el período analizado. Los resultados muestran que el país más central es España, seguido por Estados Unidos y otras naciones europeas. Entre los estados latinoamericanos, Brasil, Chile y México ocupan los lugares más relevantes. La colaboración de Latinoamérica se dirige preferentemente hacia Estados Unidos, especialmente a partir de 2015. En cuanto a las instituciones, las universidades públicas madrileñas y catalanas destacan por su centralidad. Por el contrario, las universidades latinoamericanas más centrales son centros privados. Respecto a los autores, los más centrales son especialmente investigadores españoles, pero a partir de 2015 son reemplazados en los puestos más relevantes por autores latinoamericanos. No obstante, la colaboración, tanto institucional como individual, es marcadamente regional. La internacionalización de individuos e instituciones sólo se hace más visible a partir de 2015. Se identifica una tendencia a la cohesión interna de las redes en sus distintos niveles en tanto que aumenta el número de nodos conectados entre sí. Se concluye que no existe una comunidad propiamente hispano-latinoamericana de investigación en Comunicación.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•We show how to formulate and fit generalized blockmodels for multiple relations.•We propose a simple and novel procedure for accomplishing the above task.•We apply the Pajek network analysis ...software to multiple networks.•We provide illustrative examples as well as reanalysis of a classic network study.
The foundational research on blockmodeling focused on theorizing and identifying social roles and positions across multiple networks (White et al., 1976). Generalized blockmodeling provided a breakthrough in theory and research by permitting ideal block types that implement a wider class of role equivalence within a network (Doreian et al., 2005). Notwithstanding these successes and related progress that we discuss, a direct approach for the blockmodeling of multiple relations remains an open problem in the generalized blockmodeling literature (Doreian, 2006). With this in mind, we propose a simple and novel means of formulating and fitting generalized blockmodels for multiple relations. We make use of existing capabilities of the open-source network analysis software Pajek (Batagelj and Mrvar, 2011; Mrvar and Batagelj, 2013). In particular, by constructing an appropriate augmented adjacency matrix and carefully crafted constraints and penalties, Pajek's criterion function can be simultaneously minimized over multiple relations. This technique is first described in detail using a hypothetical friendship network, and then its value is reinforced through reanalysis of a classic, real world example.
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