This thesis examines learned activity in Scotland between 1679 and 1689, with reference to its political and intellectual circumstances. During this decade, Scotland saw extensive patronage and ...institutionalisation of the learned professions. Professional men of letters sought, and benefited from, the patronage of James, Duke of Albany and York, and King, to enhance their identity and status. Such aspirations included the ‘advancement of learning’ in Scotland, led by ‘Royalist virtuosi’. The patronage of learned activity in the 1680s responded to and accelerated existing aspirations among the professional classes in Scotland. Its form, its objects and its methods were shaped by the political and ideological contexts of the Stuart monarchy, and influenced by links with the pre-war court and by developments in England and Europe. The thesis examines contemporary printed works, primary sources published subsequently, and manuscript correspondence, notes, and collections of documents, to build a comprehensive picture of the patronage of learned activity, its motivation and effects. These sources are placed in historiographical context to illuminate what is distinctive about Scottish learned activity during this decade. Chapter One considers the significance to the patronage of learning of Stuart ideology and political praxis. Chapters Two and Three examine the ‘advancement of learning’, and its patronage, in medicine and law, discussing the influence of geographical, historical, political and social contexts on professional institution building, and on the structure and subject matter of related work and publications. Chapter Four compares this with the patronage of learned activity in the church and universities, and in the city of Edinburgh. In Chapter Five, this activity is situated in the domestic tradition of the ‘virtuoso’, and in extensive connections with the ‘republic of letters’ in England and Europe. The Conclusion looks at the longer-term effect of the patronage.
Colonial Latin American Review The Convento of Yanhuitlan and its Altarpiece: Patronage and the Making of a Colonial Iconography in 16th-Century Mixteca Alta
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Dostopno za:
BFBNIB, DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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•The meta-study examines the influence of marketing instruments on retail patronage.•It provides guidance on how to apply these instruments to establish patronage.•24 instruments ...influence retail patronage directly or indirectly through mediators.•The effectiveness of instruments varies across shopping and country contexts.•Retailers should consider factors such as the hedonic/utilitarian shopping context.
Retailers have always worked to establish close relationships with customers through the retail marketing mix. Thus, the literature has a long tradition of testing the effects of various instruments on retail patronage. This meta-study synthesizes prior research into one comprehensive framework. We use 14,895 effect sizes reported by more than 239,000 shoppers from 41 countries extracted from 350 independent samples, to test the impact of 24 marketing-mix instruments on retail patronage. Specifically, we investigate the direct and indirect effects of these instruments on store satisfaction, word of mouth, patronage intention, and behavior. Product and brand management related instruments display the strongest effects on most outcome variables, whereas price, communication, service and incentive management instruments affect only selected outcomes. Distribution management turns out to be of secondary importance. However, the effectiveness of these instruments depends on the specific shopping context (food/non-food, shopping frequency, single store/agglomeration, hedonic/utilitarian), the retail environment (gross domestic product, country innovativeness, retail sales share, retail employment, Internet era), and the employed method (participant type, study design, data source). Specifically, we reveal most differences for hedonic shopping environments and developed countries. Also, the store’s advertising and atmosphere have gained importance in the Internet era, while purchase incentives, in-store orientation, and store location have lost relevance. This study contributes to a synoptic understanding of the comparable effectiveness of retail marketing instruments on retail patronage. It offers insights into the effectiveness of marketing-mix instruments and provides guidance on whether and when to invest in them. It also presents an agenda for future research on marketing-mix instruments.
Street food vending is still prevalent in developing countries despite the enormous stride recorded in the areas of food processing. This study investigates the practicality of the extended theory of ...reasoned action for street-food patronage decisions. The framework is premised on six critical constructs- attitudes, subjective norm, past behaviour, Food safety concerns, patronage intention and actual patronage. Data were collected from 550 consumers in Gauteng to validate the integrated conceptual framework. Structural equation modelling (SEM) technique is used to analyse data relating to the hypothesised relationships in the model. The results indicated that subjective norms and food safety concerns positively and significantly influence patronage intention. Attitude towards street food and past behaviour negatively and insignificantly influenced patronage intention. Lastly, patronage intention had a positive and a significant influence on actual patronage. Drawing from the study’s findings, managerial implications are discussed, and limitations and future research directions are suggested. By and large, this study immensely contributes new knowledge to the existing body of consumer behaviour literature in Africa - a context that is often most neglected by some researchers in developing countries.
Ultra Caspium sinum quidnam esset ambiguum aliquamdiu fuit, idemne oceanus an tel- lus infesta frigoribus sine ambitu ac sine fine proiecta. sed praeter physicos Homerumque Universum orbem mari ...circumfusum esse disserit (et) Cornelius Nepos, ut recentior, auctoritate sic certior; testem autem rei Quintum Metellum Celerem adicit, eumque ita rettulisse commémorât: cum Galliae pro consule praeesset, Indos quosdam a rege Boio- rum dono sibi datos; unde in eas terras devenissent requirendo cognosse, vi tempestatium ex Indicis aequoribus abreptos, emensosque quae intererant, tandem in Germaniae litora exisse.70 Es ist anzunehmen, dass Mela, dessen Werk wohl in tiberianische Zeit, vielleicht in den Winter 43/44 n. Chr., datiert werden kann,71 nicht nur den Bericht des Q. Metellus Celer, der 62 v. Chr. das imperium pro consulare über Gallien innehatte, sondern auch die Verweise auf die physici und auf Homer seiner unmittelbaren Quelle, also einer (wahrscheinlich ebenfalls choro graphisch en)72 Schrift des Nepos, entnommen hat. Als negativ konnotiert sieht hin- gegen Rauk 1997, 325 die nugae («poems that were composed on the spur of the moment and that have required little work») - ähnlich, aber mit (unnötig) politischem Einschlag, Minyard 1985, 24 («Catullus admits his writing is nugae in the eyes of a Roman audience schooled in Republican virtue») - was zwar gut zu Rauks (wie ich glaube, insgesamt verfehlter) ironisierender Lektüre, aber nur schlecht zum Text der Dedikation passt. In ähnlichem Sinn z.B. schon Elder 1967, 149 Anm. 22 («presumably Nepos was Catullus' patron in the past and hopefully will be for the present, but for the future the patron must be divine») und jüngst wieder Culpepper Stroup 2010, 178 und 193 f. Für im Text nicht fundiert halte ich den Vorschlag von Rauk 1997, 330f., den Schutz, den die patrona wirkt, sowohl auf Catull als auch auf Nepos zu beziehen; vgl. ebd., 331: «Her patronage unites them in a common cause and reflects certain standards of literary judgment that Catullus and Nepos share.» Quinn 1973, 90 («primarily of the labour of composition; but also of the finished work, in which the author expounds his subject to the reader»).
Este trabajo se propone discutir la caracterización de ciertas prácticas de patronazgo en la Atenas Clásica como formas de "clientelismo estatal". Para la pólis griega las definiciones de estado no ...parecen adecuarse a sus prácticas sociales. Concretamente, la existencia de relaciones políticas ejercidas por la democracia, expresión del poder del demos, no expresan relaciones políticas que permitan una exclusividad en el monopolio de la coerción. En consecuencia, no hay ni separación entre sociedad civil y sociedad política, ni tampoco hay un aparato político que se distinga en su ejercicio sobre aquellos que constituyen el cuerpo soberano. De este modo la existencia de relaciones de patronazgo parecen ubicarse en la tensión surgida entre los mecanismos de reciprocidad y redistribución que los miembros de la elite usufructúan como modo de adquirir prestigio y preponderancia política en el seno de su comunidad, y las demandas del pueblo, de modo que a este último le resulta posible instrumentarlas a su favor.
Drawing upon hundreds of newly uncovered archival records, Gretchen Peters reconstructs the music of everyday life in over twenty cities in late medieval France. Through the comparative study of ...these cities' political and musical histories, the book establishes that the degree to which a city achieved civic authority and independence determined the nature and use of music within the urban setting. The world of urban minstrels beyond civic patronage is explored through the use of diverse records; their livelihood depended upon seeking out and securing a variety of engagements from confraternities to bathhouses. Minstrels engaged in complex professional relationships on a broad level, as with guilds and minstrel schools, and on an individual level, as with partnerships and apprenticeships. The study investigates how minstrels fared economically and socially, recognizing the diversity within this body of musicians in the Middle Ages from itinerant outcasts to wealthy and respected town musicians.
Magnificent art and architecture created for the emperor with the financial support of powerful warlords at the beginning of Japan's early modern era (1580s-1680s) testify to the continued cultural ...and ideological significance of the imperial family. Works created in this context are discussed in this groundbreaking study, with over 100 illustrations in color.
Although merit system selection and management of public personnel is thought of as the standard for good governance, public employees frequently are appointed by political officials rather than ...being members of a career civil service. In fact, there has been an increase in the level of patronage appointments and politicization of public administration over the past several decades as political leaders attempt to impose their control over the public bureaucracy. Although widespread, patronage appointments in the public sector are particularly important in Latin America, where there is a tradition of extensive patronage. The Politics of Patronage Appointments in Latin American Central Administrations seeks to understand the motivations of patrons when they make appointments, the roles appointees play, the skills required to play these roles, and what accounts for different modalities of patronage. It moves beyond the conventional condemnation of patronage to examine the multiple uses of political appointments, which can be crucial for obtaining the services of highly qualified individuals who otherwise might not be willing to work in the public sector.
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