With the increased environmental concern, the photovoltaic (PV) generation capacity is growing in today's power systems. As the PV penetration rate increases, the intermittency and uncertainty of PV ...systems will cause frequency regulation issues. When rapid fluctuations take place, the system requires fast responding regulation to recover the frequency within a short period of time. Traditional power plants with slow dynamics are less capable of tracking the fast-changing regulation signal. In this context, a battery energy storage system (BESS) is considered as an effective regulation source to respond immediately to frequency deviations. This paper addresses the sizing issue of an aggregated BESS by a series of system level performance tests with different BESS penetration rates. The evaluation criteria are the control performance standards 1 and 2. Response effectiveness of the BESS with different levels of disturbances is also analyzed, with comparison to that of the traditional power plants. The proposed BESS aggregation controller is also validated using software simulations and a hardware testbed.
Reducing energy consumption and emissions from freight transport plays an important role in climate change mitigation. However, there remains a need for enhanced policy making and research to explore ...decarbonization of freight transport. This research establishes a freight transport model to simulate transport demand, energy consumption and emissions, and applies the model to Ireland with scenarios running out to 2050. This model provides advanced technological details in freight transport modelling, responses of transport demand to economic changes, and behavioural responses in the representation of competition between transport technologies. The results show a strong growth of land freight transport demand in Ireland resulting from economic growth (GDP) despite increasing carbon taxes. The new EU CO2 emission performance standards on light and heavy-duty vehicles have the potential to effectively slow down the growth of energy consumption from 2015 to 2050 but possible technical barriers need to be evaluated to ensure full compliance. In the short term, carbon taxation (or higher fuel prices) may have a greater impact but the effect of emission performance standards will be realised in the longer term as the vehicle stock is replaced with new technology vehicles. Notably, adoption of biofuel and alternative freight vehicles are expected to bring additional reductions in future energy consumption and emissions. For a low carbon future for freight transport, integrated efforts are needed to develop a comprehensive policy agenda (technology specific standards and pricing mechanisms) and promote low or zero emission vehicles technologies, especially for heavy goods vehicles.
•Curtailing emissions from freight transport plays a crucial role in climate change mitigation.•Our model incorporates detailed freight transport profiles and behavioural parameters.•Carbon tax results in modest reductions in freight energy consumption and CO2 emissions.•CO2 emission performance standard is potentially effective, but with uncertainties.•Freight demand shift between travel options is less elastic to price signals than passenger demand.
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•Building policies must be rooted in a good understanding of the targeted population.•Building performance standards may benefit from creating databases of weather files.•A thermal ...performance analysis should consider multiple key performance indicators.•Building performance policies should address the thermal resilience of buildings.
This paper presents the main challenges faced and lessons learned when developing a new method to assess the thermal performance of residential buildings for the recently updated Brazilian building performance standard, NBR 15575–1:2021. It touches on subjects related to the representation of occupant behavior, climate, and thermal acceptability in building performance simulation, as well as the use of reference models, key performance indicators, and performance levels in policies. NBR15575 provides a thorough procedure to analyze thermal performance, allowing buildings to be assessed while in passive operation mode and also accounting for energy needs when active operation is necessary. Multiple key performance indicators are introduced to provide a comprehensive evaluation. The main difficulty found was dealing with diversity. Given the vast scale of Brazil’s territory, a high variation in culture, climate and construction techniques is expected, thus requiring a compromise between detail and scalability. There are still many opportunities for improvement, especially regarding the representation of occupants, and adjustments of the characteristics of reference models to promote high thermal performance, considering the diverse climates, regional practices, and economic needs. This paper might help researchers and other stakeholders to develop and improve other local standards and protocols, especially for warm climates.
An AGC Dynamics-Constrained Economic Dispatch Model Zhang, Guangyuan; McCalley, James; Wang, Qin
IEEE transactions on power systems,
2019-Sept., 2019-9-00, 20190901, Letnik:
34, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
The state-of-the-art MW-frequency control is performed by two hierarchical mechanisms: economic dispatch (ED) and automatic generation control (AGC). The ED is solved every 5 min identifying the most ...economic generation dispatch and reserve schedule. AGC is a feedback control system that regulates area control error by sending signals to regulation reserve every 2-6 s. In system with high renewable penetration and associated high net-load variability, the conventional ED-AGC hierarchical model may result in degraded MW-frequency performance and increasing operational cost. In this paper, an AGC dynamic constrained ED model is proposed to provide a more reliable and economical regulation reserve schedule in handling high net load variability. The continuous AGC dynamics is transformed into discrete state-space model, and the fast AGC dynamics are eliminated to reduce the system order. The discretized reduced-order AGC dynamics are incorporated into the ED to optimize the regulation schedule. The proposed model can be applied in a look-ahead mode with very short-term load forecast or in a look-back mode to provide a "perfect dispatch" benchmark based on historical net load data. The 5-bus and 118-bus systems are tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
This study aimed to find the high energy efficiency standard (HEPS) and minimum energy efficiency standard (MEPS) of industrial refrigeration compressors that suitable for Thailand. The energy ...efficiency data of each sample product was obtained from the specification providing by its manufacturer. The energy efficiency data of 1,006 products were found and used for study HEP and MEP values in this study. They were categorized into 2 groups consists of 344 products and 662 products for low and medium evaporating temperature groups, respectively. All of them were coefficient of performance (COP) measured according to the EN13771-1:2016 and describing the results in accordance with EN12900:2013. The results show that evaporating temperature has dominant effect on COP. It was found that the COPs of low and medium evaporating temperatures should not below 0.7911 + 0.7392 × Cooling capacity/(Cooling capacity + 1.049) and 1.3774 + 1.2934 × Cooling capacity/(Cooling capacity + 1.785); respectively, for HEPs and 0.4307 + 0.7392 × Cooling capacity/(Cooling capacity + 1.049) and 0.8354 + 1.2934 × Cooling capacity/(Cooling capacity + 1.785); respectively, for MEPs. It is noted that cooling capacity’s unit is kW.
Background: Good service quality not only measures the luxury of the facility, but from employee behavior and behavior should reflect high professionalism and commitment. Objectives: The purpose of ...this study was to determine the relationship between Organizational Commitment with Quality of Nursing Service in Inpatient Room of the RSI Sakinah Mojokerto. Methods: This research used Cross Sectional approach. The population of all nurses in the Inpatient Room of the RSI Sakinah Mojokerto, who spoke 85 nurses. Technique Sampling used in this study was Total Sampling and obtained by sample counted 85 respondents. The data source used the primary data obtained through the questionnaire. Data analysis was using the Spearman Rank Test. Results: The results of this study were obtained almost entirely (76.5%) Organizational Commitment in Inpatient Room of RSI Sakinah Mojokerto included in the category of High Organizational Commitment. Nursing Care Quality (Nursing Care Standards and Professional Performance Standards Nurses) at the RSI Sakinah Mojokerto Inpatient Hospital RSI was almost entirely included in the good category. The result of Spearman Rank test statistic with sig level (.05), got correlation value .000 (< .05) meaning that there was a correlation of Organization Commitment with Nursing Care Quality (Nursing Care Standard and Professional Performance Standard of Nurse) at Inpatient Room of the RSI Sakinah Mojokerto. Conclusion: The task of the hospital as a health service institution was to improve the skills, speed, ease and accuracy in conducting the practice of nursing health services and more responsible in providing services so as to maintain commitment to the organization.
The transfer of ship ballast water poses significant risks to the aquatic ecosystem and human health. To mitigate the influences of non-native species, ballast water management systems (BWMS) have ...been installed on international ships to ensure proper treatment of ballast water before discharge. This study investigates whether ballast water discharges managed by BWMS meet the requirements of the D-2 standard for organisms in different size classes. Representative ballast water samples were collected from 28 ships (a total of 20 different BWMS) arriving in Shanghai during the period 2020–2022. Results have shown that two samples (7.1 %) exceeded the D-2 Standard. The compliance rates varied among different vessel types, with cargo vessels achieving a compliance rate of 81.8 %, while LNG vessels and container vessels achieved 100 % compliance. The potential to achieve higher levels of ballast water management will increase as crews improve their skills in operating BWMS and BWMS is further developed.
•Investigate ballast water from Cargo, LNG, and Container to determine compliance with the D-2 standard.•The compliance with the D-2 standard for ballast water after treatment on different ship types is different.•Non-compliant samples with ≥ 50 um living organisms had the lowest compliance rate with the D-2 standard.•The study reveals that non-compliance with the D-2 standard is mainly due to misuse of ballast water management systems.
•Development of standardized methods to test cigarette smoke.•Current methods for testing cigarette-smoke constituents.•Current performance standards relevant to regulatory testing of cigarette ...smoke.•Volatile constituents and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette smoke.•Developing and implementing more reproducible testing methods for cigarette smoke.
This article includes a summary of the development of existing standardized methods to test cigarette smoke, and a review of both the capability of current methods for testing cigarette-smoke constituents and current performance standards relevant to regulatory testing. There is a comparison of the reproducibility of some currently approved methods to determine volatile constituents and tobacco-specific nitrosamines in cigarette smoke with the Horwitz prediction of reproducibility. There is discussion of appropriate activities to support the development and the implementation of more reproducible testing methods and an indication of the tasks that should be prioritized to achieve optimal inter-laboratory agreement of data.
The concept of the signal-in-space (SIS) root-mean-square (RMS) user range error (URE) is used to evaluate the performance of multiple global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs); however, a complete ...analytical derivation has not been published. This article describes the instantaneous SIS URE and the instantaneous SIS RMS URE, explains the role of the instantaneous SIS RMS URE in evaluating the statistical accuracy of GNSS signals, and provides an analytical derivation of the instantaneous SIS RMS URE. This derivation is then compared to the equations found in various papers and performance standards to illustrate how the equations, although appearing different, actually measure the same quantity with differing constraints.
The objective of this study was to establish the draft of the minimum energy performance standard (MEPS) and high energy performance standard (HEPS) for electric motorcycles in Thailand. Type ...approval of the electric motorcycles was referred to the Regulation (EU) No 168/2013. The testing setup and procedure to measure the electric energy consumption were conducted following the Regulation (EU) No 134/2014. During the measurement in electric energy consumption, the tested electric motorcycle was run on the chassis dynamometer by following the ECE R47 driving cycle for the L1e-A and L1e-B sub-category, and the WMTC, stage 2 driving cycle for the L3e-A1 sub-category. The draft of MEPS/HEPS was established as 30.6/20.4 Wh/km, 42.8/26.4 Wh/km, and 57.9/36.8 Wh/km for a case of the L1e-A, L1e-B, and L3e-A1 electric motorcycles, respectively. In addition, if all electric motorcycles are promoted to qualify the HEPS, the nationwide electric energy saving potential will predicted to be 115,789,656 kWh throughout the Thailand’s energy saving plan during 2015–2036.
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