This paper proposes a method to estimate the real-time regulation reserve requirement based on the NERC Control Performance Standard (CPS). This method is constructed via three steps: first, a ...Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) model is applied to abstract the relationship between CPS and regulation reserve and other system conditions using training observations generated from a load frequency control model; second, a stepwise method with cross validation is used to select the most relevant features of MLR; and third, the regulation reserve requirement is computed by the MLR model as a function of the predicted system conditions and target CPS score. The recursive least square (RLS) method is used to update the model parameters in an online environment. Testing on a single area automatic generation control model with load and wind data from CAISO 33% Renewable Portfolio Standard scenario indicates the method outperforms methods used in the industry today.
Each year, about a million new hair dryers has been sold in the Thailand’s market. Only safety standard is applied without the high efficiency performance standard (HEPS). This study is to setup the ...HEPS and minimum energy performance standard (MEPS) including the test method. First, market survey is done. By applying the Yamane statistic model, the number of sample are chosen and tested by the IEC 61855:2003 Household electrical hair care appliances – Methods of measuring the performance. It is found that for the hair dryer rated power equal or less than 1,300 Watt, 1,301- 1,900 Watt and 1,901 – 2,800 Watt, the MEPS are 5.9, 7.0 and 7.5 respectively. For the HEPS, they are 4.5, 5.4 and 5.7 respectively. If these figures is enforced, yearly potential saving will be 9,111,131 kWh.
China is implementing what is expected to become the world's largest CO2 emissions trading system. To reduce emissions, the nation employs a tradable performance standard (TPS), a rate-based ...instrument differing significantly from cap&trade (C&T) and a carbon tax, emissions pricing instruments used elsewhere. With matching analytically and numerically solved models, we assess the cost-effectiveness and distributional impacts of China's TPS for reducing CO2 emissions from the power sector.
The TPS implicitly subsidizes electricity output, which limits the use of output-reduction as a channel for reducing emissions. It also gives power plants with especially low emissions-output ratios incentives to expand output relative to business-as-usual levels. These features compromise the TPS's cost-effectiveness relative to C&T. The use of differing benchmarks (emissions-intensity standards) also compromises cost-effectiveness by distorting relative production levels and by lowering the cost-reducing potential of allowance trading. In our central case simulations, the TPS's overall costs are about 34 percent higher than those of C&T.
Although the use of non-uniform benchmarks compromises cost-effectiveness, it can help serve regional distributional objectives. We assess the aggregate costs of customizing benchmarks in order to reduce the adverse profit impacts in provinces that otherwise would suffer a disproportionate cost from the TPS.
This paper proposes and evaluates a systematic method of scheduling energy storage and conventional generation capacities in a day-ahead frequency regulation market, based on compliance to control ...performance standard 1 (CPS1), during each hour of the following day. The salient feature of this method is the development of two simple piecewise linear curves that represent the relationship between first, conventional generation and energy storage power capacities, and second, energy storage power and energy capacities, to satisfy CPS1 compliance in the presence of stochastic load variations. These curves are then modeled inside a mixed integer linear program to solve for resource allocations by minimizing total capacity cost. As such, the formulation avoids complex algorithms that are otherwise required to model frequency dynamics inside the optimization problem. To reduce computation time, a scenario reduction algorithm is used to obtain a small set of scenarios to represent the stochastic load. The proposed method is evaluated using comprehensive dynamic simulations of the two-area IEEE reliability test system implemented in PSS/E. The results prove that the proposed method is effective for scheduling capacities to meet CPS1 compliance with minimum cost.
The aim of study is to find suitable high energy efficiency standard (HEPS) and minimum energy efficiency standard (MEPS) of pneumatic tyres for motorcycles in Thailand with the engine displacement ...below 125 cc excluding tyres for racing and off-road purposes. About 17 million pneumatic tyres (90% domestic product) are sold annually. By using the multistage sampling method on 8 groups (142 models), total 61 models were chosen for testing the rolling resistance coefficient (RRC) following ISO 18164:2005. The results of F-test and t-test show that the section width, diameter, tread, brand, load index and highest velocity index of tyres have no effect on RRC. For suitable HEPS and MEPS, it is found that the RRC of tyres should not be exceeded 12 N/kN and 15.5 N/kN, respectively.
The IPBES Global Assessment proposed five key interventions to tackle the drivers of nature deterioration. One of these proposals was to take pre-emptive and precautionary actions in regulatory and ...management institutions and businesses. Performance standards are tools that can be used to help achieve these interventions. The most influential standard is Performance Standard 6 (PS6) of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), part of the World Bank Group. Institutions like the IFC invest in the private sector in developing countries, including in the infrastructure, agribusiness, forestry, oil, gas and mining sectors, all of which have the potential to cause large environmental impacts. A core element of PS6 outlines the need for the consideration of “natural and modified habitat” within investment screening processes. Here we use freely available data layers in combination to develop a new global layer that identifies natural and modified habitat. It is aligned with the IFC PS6 definitions of natural and modified habitat. However, we propose this layer as an output that can be used beyond the IFC and could be integrated into the investment decision making of global and regional banks, or the decision making of international corporations.
According to International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60034-1, in industrial applications not only efficiency but also power factors are important performance indexes. When comparing line ...motor to induction motor (IM), a line-start synchronous reluctance motor (LS-SynRM) has a high efficiency but a low power factor than that of IM. In this article, the analysis and design of LS-SynRM are carried out considering the rotor slot opening and bridges for improving the efficiency and power factor. The reference machine is selected with a 2.2 kW IM, and the performance of the reference model is analyzed based on finite element analysis (FEA). To analyze the effect of rotor slot opening and bridges, an optimal model of LS-SynRM is designed through a two-step design process. First, the design of rotor slot for synchronization is carried out, and second, the design of barriers using the response surface method (RSM) is carried out under the same conditions of the stator size of IM. Based on the basic model, the performances of LS-SynRM are analyzed according to the slot opening and bridges. Furthermore, the parametric analysis is carried out and the final model is designed considering the efficiency and power factor based on the design parameters. Finally, the final model is manufactured, and the experiment is carried out to verify the FEA result.
Background and Study Aim. The study intends to estimate the theoretical and applied perspectives of the Kinesiology discipline in the field of Sport and Physical Education science.
Material and ...Methods. A total number of 127 subjects (students of the Physical Education and Sport Department in the University of Pitești) participated in this research. There are 59 students in Physical Education and Sport (PES), 37 in Sport and Motor Performance (SMP) and 31 in Physical Education and Sport Conversion (PESC). The research was conducted during COVID-19 pandemic, in the academic year 2021-2022. The teaching and evaluation activity in the Kinesiology discipline was carried out online by means of Zoom program. The monitoring of the teaching activity was done with the help of the university e-learning platform. The opinions of the subjects on the discipline taught and the assessment of the teaching staff by the students were analyzed using Google Forms questionnaire. The fundamental basic knowledge in Kinesiology was evaluated using the following indicators: S1 (periodically evaluated activities) = A1 (40%) +A2 (20%), final evaluation (FE) – examination (40%), S2 – sum of the fractions of grade obtained at the periodic evaluations and those from the final verification.
Results. The analysis of the subjects’ opinions regarding the topic of the discipline taught reveals 5% moderate opinions, 16% - good and 79% very good ones. The evaluation of the basic fundamental knowledge in Kinesiology highlights the following values of the indicators: A1 (40%) – an average of 8.05 points between groups (p<0.01); A2 (20%) - an average of 7.95 points (p>0.05); S1 – an average of 4.81 points (p<0.05). The final evaluation (40%) in the exam shows an average of 3.36 points (p<0.01); S2 has 8.17 points (p<0.01); the final grade between groups has an average of 8.29 points, with differences of rounding in student’s favor (p<0.05). The analysis of students’ opinions concerning the teaching activity in Kinesiology discipline shows that 76% rate it as excellent, 14% - very good, 6.7% - good, 1.9% - satisfactory and 1.4% unsatisfactory (extracurricular activity).
Conclusions. There were shown the subjects’ opinions on the Kinesiology discipline topics and the weight of meeting the minimum and maximum performance standards. The preferred or practiced sports chosen in the researched study programs were presented. The results of the evaluation of the basic fundamental knowledge highlight the value of the averages between groups for the evaluated indicators. These results also reveal the opinions of the students about the didactic activity carried out by the professor in the discipline studied.
In an effort to decarbonize the built environment, municipalities across the United States are joining the National Building Performance Standard Coalition. The National Building Performance Standard ...Coalition is an effort by the United States federal government to encourage cities to design and implement effective and equitable building performance standards. A building performance standard is an energy policy that requires buildings to meet energy use or greenhouse gas emissions targets in effort to reduce the carbon intensity of buildings. In this paper, we examine the impact of implementing various building performance standards for commercial buildings in 15 cities and one county in the United States from 2024 to 2050. We first estimate the emission reductions associated from a null case (no building performance standard). Next, we implement two building performance standards: (1) an annual greenhouse gas emissions target and (2) a peak grid load flexibility requirement. Lastly, we combine the two to assess the potential impact of an integrated energy and demand building performance standard. We find that individually a load flexibility building performance standard does not contribute to significant emissions reductions but when paired with a greenhouse gas building performance standard it leads to a combined 89% reduction (a cumulative savings of 189 MMtCO2e) across commercial buildings in the 15 cities and one county analyzed. This potential reduction represents a massive decarbonization scenario that far exceeds a 2050 80% decarbonization target and points to feasible policy pathways for meeting climate and sustainability goals.
•Evaluates GHG-emissions reduction from building performance standards.•Introduces a load-flexibility building performance standard.•Shows stringent emissions limits may lead to deep decarbonization of buildings.
In this paper, the design and analysis of a 7.5kW 4 poles line-start synchronous reluctance motor (LS-SynRM) are investigated by considering the maximum inertia and power factor. Since the LS-SynRM ...must operate at synchronous speed, the synchronization capability, determined by the system inertia, is a crucial performance parameter for various industrial applications. Electromagnetic and mechanical transient analysis of a finite element analysis (FEA) are performed to analyze the maximum inertia under the condition of 380V-60Hz voltage. The initial model is designed by considering the maximum inertia. Moreover, the power factor is also important performance index in industrial applications according to IEC 60034-1. Therefore, a bridge design is proposed based on the initial model, and the improved model is designed by considering the efficiency, power factor, and mechanical stress. To improve the efficiency and power factor, the barrier optimal model is designed based on the improved model. Finally, the barrier optimal model of 7.5kW 4 poles LS-SynRM is manufactured, and experiments are performed to verify the steady-state and starting performance. In the steady-state performance, the efficiency and power factor of LS-SynRM are 93.89% (>92.6% IE4) and 78.1 (>78% IEC 60034-1), respectively. It showed about a 1.59%p higher efficiency than that of IM with IE3 efficiency.
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