Large scale wind power integration into the power grid will pose a serious threat to the frequency control of power system. If only Control Performance Standard (CPS) index is used as the evaluation ...standard of frequency quality, it will easily lead to short-term centralized frequency crossing, which will affect the effect of intelligent Automatic Generation Control (AGC) on frequency quality. In order to solve this problem, a multi-objective collaborative reward function is constructed by introducing a collaborative evaluation mechanism with multiple evaluation indexes. In addition, Negotiated W-Learning strategy is proposed to globally optimize the solution of the objective function from multi dimensions, it avoids the poor learning efficiency of the traditional Greedy strategy. The AGC control model simulation of standard two area interconnected power grid shows that the proposed intelligent strategy can effectively improve the frequency control performance and improve the frequency quality of the system in the whole-time scale.
Abstract One of the solutions in civil construction to increase the life cycle of buildings is the ventilated facade due to its technical characteristics. Large porcelain tiles are used as a coating ...in this system, raising questions about its performance. This study used real size porcelain tiles (590 mm × 1190 mm) for pressure tests to evaluate the deformation suffered by the material at different pressure points, according to NBR 10821. In addition, the strength of the glass fiber-reinforced ceramic tiles has been tested against the impacts of rigid and soft bodies in a hidden clamp ventilated system, according to NBR 15575. Due to the wind, the system presented maximum deformation of 1.7 ±0.4 mm. When subjected to impacts, the system functioned within the norm for hard body strikes (20 J), meeting the requirements against minor proportions and wind pressures of up to 1480 Pa. Unsatisfactory performance when impacted by a soft body was observed. Such results show that the system needs to improve regarding resistance to major impacts.
Price limits in a tradable performance standard Wang, Banban; Pizer, William A.; Munnings, Clayton
Journal of environmental economics and management,
October 2022, 2022-10-00, Letnik:
116
Journal Article
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Tradable performance standards are widely used sectoral regulatory policies. Examples include the US lead phasedown, fuel economy standards for automobiles, renewable portfolio standards, low carbon ...fuel standards, and—most recently—China's new national carbon market. At the same time, theory and experience with traditional cap-and-trade programs suggest an important role for price limits in the form of floors, ceilings, and reserves. In this paper we develop a simple analytical model to derive the welfare comparison between tradable performance standards and a price-based alternative. This model works out to be a simple variant of the traditional Weitzman prices-versus-quantities result. We use this result to show that substantial gains—perhaps 50% or more when prices are low—could arise from shifting two programs, China's new national carbon market and the California Low Carbon Fuel Standard, to a price mechanism. This finding will generally be true when the coefficient of variation in the price under a TPS is larger than 50%. We end with a brief discussion of implementation issues, including consignment auctions.
A low carbon fuel standard (LCFS) is a market-based policy that specifies declining standards for the average lifecycle fuel carbon intensity (AFCI) of transportation fuels sold in a region. This ...paper: (i) compares transportation fuel carbon policies in terms of their economic efficiency, fuel price impacts, greenhouse gas emission reductions, and incentives for innovation; (ii) discusses key regulatory design features of LCFS policies; and (iii) provides an update on the implementation status of LCFS policies in California, the European Union, British Columbia, and Oregon. The economics literature finds that an intensity standard implicitly taxes emissions and subsidizes output. The output subsidy results in an intensity standard being inferior to a carbon tax in a first-best world, although the inefficiency can be corrected with a properly designed consumption tax (or mitigated by a properly designed carbon tax or cap-and-trade program). In California, from 2011 to 2015 the share of alternative fuels in the regulated transportation fuels pool increased by 30%, and the reported AFCI of all alternative fuels declined 21%. LCFS credit prices have varied considerably, rising to above $100/credit in the first half of 2016. LCFS programs in other jurisdictions share many features with California's, but have distinct provisions as well.
•LCFS is a market-based policy that sets standards for carbon intensity of fuels.•We compare efficiency, price impacts, GHG emissions, and innovation of C policies.•In California, reported carbon intensity of alternative fuels declined 21% 2011–2015.•LCFS credit prices have varied considerably, rising to above $100/credit in the first half of 2016.•Other LCFS programs share many features with CA's and have distinct provisions.
Watermarking is currently investigated as an efficient and safe method of embedding additional patient or environment-related data into the electrocardiogram. This paper presents experimental work on ...the assessment of the loss of ECG (electrocardiogram signal) diagnostic quality from the industrial standard EN60601-2-25:2015 point of view. We implemented an original time-frequency watermarking technique with an adaptive beat-to-beat lead-independent data container design. We tested six wavelets, six coding bit depth values (including the automatic noise-dependent one) and two types of watermark content to find the conditions that are necessary for watermarked ECG to maintain the compliance with International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) requirements for interpretation performance. Unlike other authors, we did not assess the differences of signal values, but errors in ECG wave delineation results. The results of a total of 7300 original and watermarked 10 s ECGs were statistically processed to reveal possible interpretation quality degradation due to watermarking. Finally we found (1) the Symlet of 11-th order as the best of the wavelets that were tested; (2) the important role of ECG wave delineation and noise tracking procedures; (3) the high influence of the watermark-to-noise similarity of amplitude and values distribution and (4) the stability of the watermarking capacity for different heart rates in atrial rhythms.
Is There an Optimal Speed for Economical Running? Black, Matthew I; Handsaker, Joseph C; Allen, Sam J ...
International journal of sports physiology and performance,
2018-Jan-01, 2018-01-1, 20180101, Letnik:
13, Številka:
1
Journal Article
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The influence of running speed and sex on running economy is unclear and may have been confounded by measurements of oxygen cost that do not account for known differences in substrate metabolism, ...across a limited range of speeds, and differences in performance standard. Therefore, this study assessed the energy cost of running over a wide range of speeds in high-level and recreational runners to investigate the effect of speed (in absolute and relative terms) and sex (men vs women of equivalent performance standard) on running economy. To determine the energy cost (kcal · kg
· km
) of submaximal running, speed at lactate turn point (sLTP), and maximal rate of oxygen uptake, 92 healthy runners (high-level men, n = 14; high-level women, n = 10; recreational men, n = 35; recreational women, n = 33) completed a discontinuous incremental treadmill test. There were no sex-specific differences in the energy cost of running for the recreational or high-level runners when compared at absolute or relative running speeds (P > .05). The absolute and relative speed-energy cost relationships for the high-level runners demonstrated a curvilinear U shape with a nadir reflecting the most economical speed at 13 km/h or 70% sLTP. The high-level runners were more economical than the recreational runners at all absolute and relative running speeds (P < .05). These findings demonstrate that there is an optimal speed for economical running, there is no sex-specific difference, and high-level endurance runners exhibit better running economy than recreational endurance runners.
Abstract The Brazilian construction industry still discusses the consequence of the Performance Standard on housing developments. According to ABNT NBR 15575 1, the systems that compose residential ...buildings need to meet minimum performance requirements. Among the systems, the structural must reach a minimum Service Life (SL) of 50 years, or intermediate or higher that corresponds to 63 and 75 years, respectively. The industry also debates the impact and viability of increasing the SL of reinforced concrete structures. Therefore, this article aimed to analyze a single reinforced concrete building designed for the 3 SL specified by ABNT NBR 15575 1. The study focused on the total consumption of steel and concrete. The structure’s designed conditions of exposure were varied for each performance level, based on the 4 environmental exposure classes (EEC) of ABNT NBR 6118 3 and ABNT NBR 12655 11, totalizing 12 situations. It was noted that the increased performance level increases consumption of materials, and the designs made for EEC IV consumed 12.3% and 16.2% more steel and concrete at the intermediate and superior performance levels respectively, when compared to the minimum performance level.
Resumo O setor da construção civil ainda discute a consequência da Norma de Desempenho nas edificações habitacionais. Segundo a ABNT NBR 15575 1, os sistemas que compõem edificações residenciais necessitam atingir os requisitos mínimos de desempenho. Dentre os sistemas, o estrutural deve atender a uma Vida Útil de Projeto (VUP) mínima de 50 anos, ou intermediária ou superior, correspondendo à 63 e 75 anos, respectivamente. É debatido no setor o impacto e a viabilidade do incremento da VUP nas estruturas de concreto armado. Diante disso, esse artigo objetivou analisar uma mesma edificação em concreto armado projetada para as 3 VUPs contempladas pela ABNT NBR 15575 1. O estudo concentrou-se no consumo total de aço e concreto. Para cada nível de desempenho, variaram-se as condições de exposição da estrutura para o dimensionamento, com base nas 4 classes de agressividade ambiental (CAA) da ABNT NBR 6118 3 e ABNT NBR 12655 11, totalizando 12 situações. Verificou-se que o incremento do nível de desempenho aumenta o consumo dos materiais, sendo que os projetos elaborados para a CAA IV tiveram um consumo de 12,3% e 16,2% de aço e concreto superior para os níveis intermediário e superior de desempenho, respectivamente, comparando com o nível mínimo de desempenho.
This paper discusses the design of a synchronous reluctance motor designed to replace a 5.5 kW industrial induction motor. End plates are axially placed at both ends of an industrial motor to fix the ...lamination of the rotor. It is manufactured from magnetic materials to ensure manufacturing convenience and price advantage. With its construction from magnetic materials, a lower output of the motor due to axial flux leakage is observed. This paper analyzed the drop in output caused by the axial flux leakage in the end plate constructed of magnetic material and methods to compensate for the said output drop. The first method to improve the output degradation problem was to fabricate the end plate as a non-magnetic material. This, however, was found to be inefficient due to the need for different mass production apparatus for the new material. A new method proposed in this paper involved using the end plate constructed of magnetic material but incorporating a new shape to the end plate with the saliency ratio to resolve the decreased output problem. This method converts the magnetic flux leaked in the axial direction into reluctance torque. The 3-D FEA was performed for the validity of the method, and reliability was verified through the production and testing of the actual models.
This article extends the standard regression discontinuity (RD) design to allow for sample selection or missing outcomes. We deal with both treatment endogeneity and sample selection. Identification ...in this article does not require any exclusion restrictions in the selection equation, nor does it require specifying any selection mechanism. The results can therefore be applied broadly, regardless of how sample selection is incurred. Identification instead relies on smoothness conditions. Smoothness conditions are empirically plausible, have readily testable implications, and are typically assumed even in the standard RD design. We first provide identification of the "extensive margin" and "intensive margin" effects. Then based on these identification results and principle stratification, sharp bounds are constructed for the treatment effects among the group of individuals that may be of particular policy interest, that is, those always participating compliers. These results are applied to evaluate the impacts of academic probation on college completion and final GPAs. Our analysis reveals striking gender differences at the extensive versus the intensive margin in response to this negative signal on performance.
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