Špediteri ostvaruju veliku ulogu u realizaciji logističkih aktivnosti djelujući kao organizatori, operatori i koordinatori logističkih procesa koji se provode u transportnim i logističkim lancima i ...mrežama. U suvremenim gospodarskim, vanjskotrgovinskim i prometnim sustavima, posebice u onim najrazvijenijim, uloga špeditera prerasta u ulogu integratora i koordinatora brojnih karika logističkih lanaca i time poprima karakteristike logističkog špeditera ili špediterskog logističkog operatora. Špediteri kao pružatelji logističkih usluga i nezaobilazna karika u međunarodnim gospodarskim aktivnostima mogu pridonijeti povećanju vrijednosti robe i njezinoj konkurentnoj sposobnosti na inozemnom tržištu. Afirmacija špeditera kao logističkoga operatora, koji može pridonijeti povećanju performansi logističkih procesa u sve složenijim i kompleksnijim logističkim lancima i mrežama, predmet je istraživanja u ovome radu. Cilj je predstaviti rezultate istraživanja koji ukazuju na sve veću ulogu špeditera i njihovo prerastanje u tzv. 3PL – „treća strana u logistici“ (engl. third-party logistics) i 4PL – „četvrta strana u logistici“ (engl. fourth-party logistics) ili LLP – „glavni logistički operator“ (engl. lead logistics provider) pružatelje logističkih usluga.
The subject of this doctoral dissertation is the improvement of the process
of designing an organization by measuring the state and alignment of
organizational elements. The research of the ...organizational designing process
started from the principles that have been developed thus far in the
scientific and professional fields. Some theories, known in the literature as
contingency theories, speak of the necessity for the elements of an
organization to be aligned with the strategy of the organization and its
environment. They explain that there is no one single most efficient
organizational method, but that the selection of the organizational design
depends on both the chosen strategy and the environment in which the
organization operates. Other theories focus on the principles which speak of
the importance of the internal consistency between the elements of the
organization. These principles are known as the principles of configuration.
Research on this topic has shown that, although there exists no single
organizational variable or condition of an element of the organization which
is to a significant extend connected to the results of the organization,
there exist certain modalities of connection of organizational elements that
occur only in the organizations that deliver better results. The review of
the literature in the field of organizational design begins with the authors
of classical theories and administrative direction and with the topics that
often focused on a set of formal and standardized working relationships built
around a firm system of formal authority. After classical theories, there
follows a review of the literature and research which emphasize interpersonal
relationships. Empirical studies of these theories have suggested that the
formal elements of the organization (such as the structure, authority etc.)
do not yield satisfactory results, and in fact have a negative impact on
employees’ satisfaction and interpersonal relationships. In addition to the
formal structures, the significance of informal elements of an organization
has been highlighted, which have been the focus of research by contemporary
authors. The next direction of the research, which brought together a large
group of researchers, is called contingency direction or contingency
theories. This line of research inspected the relationships that existed
between an organization and the situation in which the organization operates.
It opposed the notion of previous directions that there was one best form of
organization, but instead claimed that it was necessary to define such an
organization that best meets specific conditions. Summarizing the literature
review in the field of organizational theory and organizational design, it
was concluded that by the beginning of the 1980s the basic research approach
was an approach that was developed during the Industrial Revolution, an
approach based on the study of hierarchy, formal authority and bureaucracy.
During the 1980s a new organizational culture was developed, emphasizing the
value of flexibility, flat structure, rapid response to customer needs,
employee motivation and product quality. The dissertation presents the
organizational models of the best known authors in this field, such as Henry
Mintzberg, McKinsey, Alfred Chandler, but also the models of more recent
authors, such as Richard Daft, Robert Simons and Jay Galbraith. As a result
of the research of the literature on the design of organizations, and a
critical review of the used organizations models, a new model of organization
is proposed, adapted to the set goal of the research, i.e. the improvement of
the design process based on the measurement and alignment of the
organizational elements. The proposed model, apart from the business
strategy, consists of three elements: organizational structure, performance
measurement system, and organizational culture. Two of the proposed elements
belong to the group of elements which is often called "hard elements of the
organization", while organizational culture comprises the features which are
generally classified as "soft elements of the organization." Having defined
the organizational elements that are an integral part of the new
organizational model, variables of the elements to be measured are defined,
as well as the methods of their measurement. The variables of the
organizational elements are defined on the basis of theoretical explanations
of the elements of the organization. These are the range of liabilities,
range of responsibilities and range of limitations. For each element of the
organization, that is for each variable, sevendegree ordinal scales were
defined, used to measure their value. The proposed measurement scales are
ordinal scales, which represents a step forward compared to the existing
methods of measurement of certain organizational elements, which were
measured only by nominal scales, that is by determining the categories they
were assigned to. Based on the defined scales for measuring organizational
elements a model of the alignment of the elements is defined. Three variables
representing the measure of the alignment of the organizational elements are
defined. These variables are independent variables in the research draft.
Different indicators of the efficiency of organizations are taken as
dependent variables in the research. In order to demonstrate the impact of
the alignment of the organizational elements on the efficiency of
organizations, a research was undertaken which collated the data on the state
of the organizational elements and on the efficiency criteria achieved by
organizations. The research was conducted in companies in Serbia which were
listed among the top 300 enterprises in the period covered (2007 and 2009)
according to business income. The study used questionnaires with the
questions and statements to measure the values of variables of the
organization elements. The indicators of enterprise productivity were chosen
as the dependent variable out of the efficiency indicators which were
measurable on the basis of the available data, since they are most commonly
connected with the internal efficiency of the enterprise. The results
obtained through the factor analysis (ANOVA) of the effects that the
alignment of the organizational structure and the system of performance
measurement may have on the chosen efficiency criteria showed that the
organizations belonging to the group with an aligned organizational structure
and the system of performance measurement had higher mean values of the
defined efficiency criteria. Further, the analysis of the correlation of the
alignment of all the organizational elements and the chosen efficiency
criteria showed that there was a linear interdependency between them.
Depending on the choice of the efficiency criteria, in most cases there is a
median correlation between independent and dependent variables. The review of
the dissertation research results proved the general hypothesis set at the
beginning of the study: it is possible to improve the design of an
organization through the measurement of the conditions and through the
inter-alignment of the organizational elements (hypothesis H0). The general
hypothesis is confirmed by the verification of four specific hypotheses: it
is possible to define a closed set of organizational elements that describe
properly the characteristics of the organization (hypothesis H1), it is
possible to measure the state of the elements of the organization:
organizational structure, performance measurement system and organizational
culture (hypothesis H2), it is possible to define the alignment of
organizational elements that contributes to the improvement of the results of
the organizational design (hypothesis H3), and there is a positive
correlation between the alignment of the organizational elements and the
efficiency of the organization (hypothesis H4). It has been proved thus that
the defining of the alignment of organizational elements improves the design
process of the organization.
Predmet istrаživаnjа ove doktorske disertаcije bio je unаpređenje procesа
projektovаnjа orgаnizаcije merenjem stаnjа i usklаđivаnjem elemenаtа
orgаnizаcije. U istraživanju procesа projektovаnjа orgаnizаcije pošlo se od
nаčelа kojа su do dаnаs rаzvijаnа u nаučnoj i stručnoj oblаsti. Jednа grupа
teorijа, koje su u literаturi poznаte kаo teorije kontigencije, govore o
neophodnosti dа elementi orgаnizаcije budu usklаđeni sа strаtegijom
orgаnizаcije i njenim okruženjem. One objаšnjаvаju dа ne postoji jedаn
nаjefikаsniji nаčin orgаnizovаnjа, već dа izbor orgаnizаcionog dizаjnа
istovremeno zаvisi od izаbrаne strаtegije i okruženjа u kome orgаnizаcije
posluje. Drugа grupа teorijа nаmetnulа je principe koji govore o znаčаju
interne konzistentnosti između elemenаtа orgаnizаcije. Ovi principi su u
literаturi poznаti kаo principi konfigurаcije. Istrаživаnjа nа ovu temu su
pokаzаlа dа, iako ne postoji pojedinаčnа orgаnizаcionа vаrijаblа ili stаnje
nekog elementа orgаnizаcije kojа je u znаčаjnoj meri povezаnа sа rezultаtimа
orgаnizаcije, postoje određeni modаliteti povezаnosti elemenаtа orgаnizаcije
koji se pojаvljuju sаmo u orgаnizаcijаmа koje postižu bolje rezultаte.
Pregled literаture iz oblаsti projektovаnjа orgаnizаcije počinje аutorimа
klаsičnih teorijа i аdministrаtivnog prаvcа i temаmа koje su se uglаvnom
bаvile skupom službenih i stаndаrdizovаnih rаdnih odnosа koji su izgrаđivаni
oko čvrstog sistemа formаlnog аutoritetа. Nаkon klаsičnih teorijа, dаt je
pregled literаture i istrаživаnjа kojа u prvi plаn stаvljаju međuljudske
odnose. Empirijskа istrаživаnjа ovih teorijа su ukаzivаlа dа formаlni
elementi orgаnizаcije (kаo što su strukturа, аutoritet i sl.) ne dаju
zаdovoljаvаjuće rezultаte, а dа istovremeno imаju negаtivаn uticаj nа
zаdovoljstvo rаdnikа i međuljudske odnose. Pored formаlne strukture, istаknut
je znаčаj neformаlnih elemenаtа orgаnizаcije, kojimа su se više bаvili
sаvremeni аutori iz o
Interlaboratory comparisons in the field of enviromental noise level measurements were organized by IMS Institute in Belgrade in August this year as a part of the standard noise monitoring according ...to of the method given in the standard (SRPS) ISO 1996-2 which corresponded to the measurements of the noise level in free field. The interlaboratory comparison was attended by seven accredited laboratories, from wich four were foreign and three laboratories were from Serbia.
S razvojem industrijalizacije guma se zbog svojih povoljnih svojstava sve više upotrebljava u proizvodnji sportske opreme. Tijekom ovog istraživanja C5-naftna smola dodana je ...bromizobuten/izopropilenskom kaučuku (BIIR) i butadienskom kaučuku (BR) pri proizvodnji potplata tenisice. Djelovanje tenisice s abrazivno otopornim gumenim potplatom na kretanje ispitivan je analizom otpornosti na klizanje i otpornosti na abraziju tenisice te provedbom biomehaničkog ispitivanja na golim stopalima i stopalima s cipelama. Rezultati su pokazali da gumeni potplat ima povoljna svojstva otpornosti na klizanje i mehanička svojstva kao što su istezanje, otpornost na abraziju i tvrdoću. U usporedbi s golim stopalima, vršni intenzitet tlaka cijelog koraka, kada su noge nosile novorazvijene cipele, bio je znatno niži nego kada su noge nosile obične cipele.
Ovo djelo je dano na korištenje pod licencom Creative Commons Imenovanje 4.0 međunarodna .
Mjerenje različitih performansi investicijskih fondova provodi se više od 40 godina, pri čemu su tijekom godina razvijane različite mjere koje pokušavaju otkriti investitorima koji fondovi su ...uspješniji od drugih. S druge strane, analiza omeđivanja podataka kao relativno novo područje operacijskih istraživanja omogućava evaluaciju učinkovitosti različitih jedinica koje se promatraju. Ovaj rad na nov način analizira performanse dioničkih investicijskih fondova u odnosu na prethodna istraživanja u Hrvatskoj, primjenom dinamičkog modela analize omeđivanja podataka. Rezultati empirijskoga istraživanja omogućuju rangiranje promatranih fondova temeljem kriterija prinosa i rizika koje potencijalni investitori mogu iskoristiti.
Upravljanje preduzećima u savremenim uslovima poslovanja podrazumijeva determinisa-nje adekvatnog sistema mjerenja finansijskih i drugih performansi. Mjerenjem performansi predu-zeća spoznajemo ...koliko smo bili efektivni i efikasni. Sistem mjerenja performansi (finansijskih i nefinansijskih) povezuje strategiju preduzeća sa tekućim poslovanjem, pruža relevantne informa-cije o ostvarivanju ciljeva u okviru konkurentskih strategija i ukazuje na područja gdje su neophodna poboljšanja. Izbor sistema merenja performansi za konkretno preduzeće predstavlja vrlo složen postupak, jer izabrani način mjerenja najčešće izražava jedan aspekt pojave koja je obično više-dimenzionalna. Uslijed toga sistem mjerenja performansi postaje kompleksan mehanizam povezan sa korporativnom strategijom i obuhvata načine internog i eksternog mjerenja, kako finansijskih tako i nefinansijskih performansi, i eksplicitno ističe odnose i međuzavisnosti izmedu različitih načina mjerenja. U ovom radu orijentisaćemo se na računovodstveno (finansijsko) mjerenje performansi i njihovu ulogu u procesu upravljanja preduzećem.
U ovom radu prezentira se metoda proračuna protočne performanse skladišnih sustava sa shuttle-ovima/vozilima (eng. SBS/RS). SBS/RS zastupaju novu tehnologiju automatiziranih skladišnih sustava. S ...obzirom na važnost ispravnog oblikovanja (projektiranja) SBS/RS sustava "od prve" zbog relativne nefleksibilnosti fizičke izvedbe, prezentira se predložena metoda proračuna protočne performanse takvih sustava. Performansa sustava razmatra se kao protočni kapacitet SBS/RS kao cjeline.
Upravljanje malim i srednjim poduzećima u uvjetima suvremenog poslovanja zahtijeva determiniranje odgovarajućeg sustava mjerenja performansi. Točnije, neophodan je sustav koji će potpunim ...usredotočenjem na mjerenje performansi pružiti odgovarajuće spoznaje o efektivnosti i efi kasnosti, povezati strategiju poduzeća s tekućim poslovanjem, te ukazati na područja koja trebaju poboljšanja. Jedan od modela, koji može odgovoriti na navedene zahtjeve je BSC model.
Cilj ovog rada je analiza korištenja sistema mjerenja performansi u velikim, srednjim i
malim slovenskim poduzećima. Istraživanje je provedeno na temelju ankete koja je podijeljena
menadžmentu ...slovenskih tvrtki u 2007. Istraženo je korištenje tehnika mjerenja peformansi u
post-tranzicijskom periodu. Slovenske tvrtke uglavnom koriste tradicionalne tehnike mjerenja
performansi. Suvremeni sistemi mjerenja performansi su se koristili samo povremeno. Osim
toga, istraživanje dokazuje kako se tehnike mjerenja performansi razlikuju među tvrtkama
različite veličine. Male tvrtke imaju manje razvijene sisteme mjerenja performansi koji se
zasnivaju gotovo isključivo na tradicionalnim tehnikama mjerenja, dok velike tvrtke imaju
razvijenije sisteme mjerenja performansi te se također koriste i nekim suvremenim tehnikama.
Buduća istraživanja bi trebala analizirati strukturu sistema upravljačkog računovodstva u
ekonomijama koje su dovršile tranzicijski period kako bi se dobili dokazi o promjenama koje se
događaju nakon toga.
Zahtjevi digitalnih biblioteka za računalnom moći, kao i potrebe manjih korisnika za automatiziranom obradom dokumenata i digitalizacijom su u porastu, što čini grid i višejezgrena okruženja ...poželjnom platformom za aplikacije optičkog prepoznavanja znakova. U članku se ispituju performanse prepoznavanja znakova na CRO-NGI gridu i na dva višejezgrena računala, uz korištenje od jedne do svih dostupnih jezgara. Uz to, korišteni su različiti modeli raspodjele opterećenja na procesne jedinice. Provedena je usporedba brzine obrade i točnosti prepoznavanja. Za dobivanje rezultata korištena je razvijena aplikacija optičkog prepoznavanja znakova za paralelno okruženje.
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