Objetivo: Trata-se neste artigo da centralidade dos fundamentos ético-antropológicos no caso do aborto. Em específico, visa‑se a (1) expor, descritivamente, as três perspectivas pró‑aborto que se ...destacam na atualidade a partir de fundamentos ético‑antropológicos diversos: a perspectiva pró-aborto funcionalista, a perspectiva pró-aborto libertária e a perspectiva pró‑aborto relacional; (2) expor os equívocos que norteiam os fundamentos ético‑antropológicos de tais perspectivas; e (3) demonstrar que a própria exposição dos equívocos fundamentais das mais famosas perspectivas pró-aborto contemporâneas está subsidiada por um fundamento ético‑antropológico específico denominado personalismo realista, aquele segundo o qual todo e qualquer ser humano é um tipo de ser marcado por uma dignidade intrínseca desde a sua origem biológica até a sua morte, estando, com isso, amparado pela titularidade de deveres e direitos que antecedem positivação estatal.Método: Abordagem teórica e reflexiva segundo bibliografia autorizada e atualizada. Além de atenção aos dados embriológicos e genéticos vigentes que apontam para a concepção como o momento biológico originário de um novo ser humano, utiliza-se das lições de Tomás de Aquino e de seus intérpretes contemporâneos, com destaque para aqueles que constituem a Nova Escola da Lei Natural.Resultado: As principais perspectivas pró-aborto da atualidade enfatizam um único aspecto da pessoa, reduzindo os demais aspectos àquele que é enfatizado. Em sentido contrário, o personalismo realista propõe uma visão integral da personalidade do homem, declarando-a ontológica, axiológica, biológica e juridicamente sem negar a possibilidade de se conhecer e de se observar a humanidade sob inesgotáveis ângulos. No contexto do ato do aborto, o personalismo realista, por exigência racional e não por capricho, denuncia o seu comum equívoco, entendendo que a prática abortiva costuma ser uma afronta direta ao direito moral absoluto que o nascituro – pessoa humana digna – possui de não ser morto por outrem desde a sua concepção.Contribuições: As linhas a seguir reúnem anotações preliminares, inobstante técnicas. Sua contribuição remonta ao necessário avanço de estudos atentos a fins ou a propósitos autoevidentes (bens básicos) que dizem respeito à realização pessoal dos seres humanos. E mais. Devido às lacunas da literatura nacional a nível filosófico-jurídico e biojurídico, tal contribuição remonta também à urgência de se proporcionar aos estudiosos uma visão holística dos fundamentos ético-antropológicos comuns hoje no caso do aborto. Pensa-se, ainda, que este artigo possibilita um estudo aprofundado dos fundamentos ético-antropológicos nele expostos. Registre‑se, entretanto, que os fundamentos constitutivos das perspectivas pró-aborto funcionalista, libertária e relacional se coadunam com uma mentalidade autodestrutiva expressa, por exemplo, na escravidão, no racismo, na marginalização da mulher, no desprezo ao idoso e na ridicularização de seres humanos com deficiências.
How do political parties shape state capacity? We argue that democratic leaders backed by personalist parties are more likely than other leaders to undermine impartial state administration. ...Personalist parties are those where the leader has more control over the party than other senior party elites. Elites in these parties have careers closely tied to the leader, are unlikely to normatively value an impersonal bureaucracy, and lack collective action capacity independent from the leader. Therefore, personalist parties are less likely than other parties to restrain leaders from undermining impartial state administration. Results from various designs for causal inference show that party personalism decreases impersonal state administration, particularly when the party controls a legislative majority. However, party personalism does not influence other dimensions of state capacity, such as fiscal capacity or territorial control. The findings have implications for how political parties enable democratically elected leaders to erode open-access societies and ultimately, democracy.
The aim of the paper is to discuss the idea of dialogue with nature. Even though the idea of dialogue with animals, plants – even objects of inanimate nature – is well known, it has usually been ...treated as an expression of a naive or folk view. Yet, it has recently gained in importance as an idea that is used to describe an ecological approach to natural environment and tends to be treated as a foundation for an ecological culture. A noteworthy contribution to the reconsideration of the concept of human-nature dialogue has also been given by a number of contemporary philosophers who have offered an environmental reinterpretation of phenomenology and hermeneutics based on, among other things, Martin Buber’s concept of the I-You relationship. The paper will focus on two aspects of the concept of dialogue, namely on its epistemological and ethical implications. Following Erazim Kohák’s theory, which will be presented as a key figure of a particular manner of speaking about nature, one that leads to ecological personalism.
Este texto, continuación de Personalismo ontológico moderno I,
busca exponer de manera general las claves principales de la antropología de
esta nueva propuesta personalista. A partir de la ...antropología general del personalismo,
de la de Karol Wojtyla y de la de J. M. Burgos, se proponen, como
elementos esenciales pero no exhaustivos, los siguientes: el hombre como persona;
el giro personalista: del qué al quién; integración de la subjetividad, carácter
esencial y originario de la afectividad; libertad como elección y autodeterminación;
una teoría de la praxis; relevancia de una interpersonalidad que
prioriza a la persona; integración del sujeto en la epistemología; la corporeidad
como hecho personal; persona masculina y persona femenina.
This paper, that continues Modern ontological personalism I,
seeks to expose in a general way the main keys of the anthropology of this new
personalistic proposal. Based on the general anthropology of personalism, of
Karol Wojtyla and J. M. Burgos, the following issues are proposed as the more
essential: man as a person; the personalistic turn: from what to who; integration
of subjectivity; essential and original value of affection; freedom as choice
and self-determination; a theory of praxis; relevance of interpersonality but
priority of person; integration of the subject in epistemology; corporeality as a
personal matter; male and female persons.
This text presents the fundamental theoretical features of a new personalistic philosophy called modern ontological personalism. The principal authors of this current are Karol Wojtyla, regarding to ...anthropology, and Juan Manuel Burgos, regarding to the theory of personalism. The article initially defines this current in relation to other personalists currents such as the communitarian, dialogical, phenomenological, Anglo-American and classical ontological, the closest in some respects. Finally, its main features are discussed in some detail through these parameters: specific school of philosophy, centrality of the person, modern concept of person, personalistic categories, methodology, relationship to modern thought and metaphysic and personalism as praxis.
El presente texto presenta los rasgos teóricos fundamentales de una nueva corriente de personalismo denominada personalismo ontológico moderno. Los autores principales de esta corriente serían Karol Wojtyla, por lo que respecta a la antropología, y Juan Manuel Burgos, por la teoría del personalismo. El artículo distingue inicialmente a esta corriente de las otras corrientes personalistas como la comunitaria, la dialógica, la fenomenológica, la angloamericana y la ontológica clásica, la más cercana en algunos aspectos. Por último, se exponen con cierto detalle sus rasgos principales a través de estos parámetros: escuela específica de filosofía, centralidad de la persona, concepto moderno de persona, categorías personalistas, metodología, relación con el pensamiento moderno y con la metafísica y el personalismo como praxis.
The book Understanding the Person by Grzegorz Hołub is an attempt to reconstruct the philosophy of Karol Wojtyła. It presents such topics as the genesis of Wojtyła’s philosophy of the person, his ...epistemology and metaphysics of the person, as well as his position on consciousness, emotions, action and the dignity of the person. The multiplicity and versatility of the issues examined allow not only to reconstruct Wojtyła’s personalistic theory, but also to propose new directions for its development – including, for instance, a metaphysics of the person, a phenomenological analysis or a neuroscientific approach. To this end, social network theory could also be employed to extend the personalistic theory with a social, practical dimension of interpersonal relations and with a practical analysis of such phenomena as, for example, freedom, responsibility, solidarity, love and justice. This, in turn, would provide a reliable social dimension to a philosophy of the person.
Dictators shape regime structures to counter the threats they face. Personalization entails the progressive accumulation of power in the hands of the dictator to minimize internal threats from ...organized elites in the military and party. However, elites have incentives to resist the personalization to avoid being marginalized by personalist strongmen. We argue that as personalism increases, rival elites, less able to coordinate coup attempts, turn to strategies that do not require substantial elite coordination: assassinations. At low levels of personalism, elites coordinate insider coups to oust the ruler, reshuffling leadership and still retaining power. At middle levels of personalism, elites organize regime change coups as reshuffling coups become more difficult. At high levels of personalism, even regime change coups become difficult to mount, and increasingly marginalized and desperate rivals turn to assassinations. We test these expectations with new data on personalism, assassination, and coup attempts, covering all autocracies over the 1946–2010 period.
Contemporary commercial agricultural production in the Western Cape bears the legacies of longstanding racialised paternalism. Attending to interpersonal interactions and expectations in this milieu, ...this paper interrogates the changing conceptions and experiences of poverty, personalism, and development among farmworkers in the neoliberal 2010s. Central to the analysis are two vignettes. The first captures interaction between an employer and an employee of a relatively progressive farming business, and the second presents the experiences of a woman farmworker with an empowerment project run by a non-governmental organisation. Both vignettes show how claims to develop or empower inadvertently affirm the disempowerment of those being developed or empowered, while the privileged status of those doing development remains unchallenged. The Afrikaans idiom of 'as jy arm is, is jy fokol! if you're poor, you're nothing' brings out the rawness of emotions, expressing a breach in promises of development, as a way out of poverty and powerlessness. Despite the nominal moral consensus over poverty reduction objectives and policies, the neoliberal economy of development in post-apartheid South Africa produces its own social and material inequalities. The burdens and humiliations resulting from changing character of inequalities manifest in interpersonal interactions, perpetuating feelings of worthlessness among the working poor.
The article focuses on the possibility of using the principles of personalism and utilitarianism in business ethics and marketing ethics. The author answers the question: Why should we first choose ...personalism, and not utilitarianism? The main thesis of this article is that for business ethics and marketing ethics the personalistic norm of morality is more appropriate than the utilitarian standard of morality. The article aims: (1) at assessing the utilitarian standard of morality used in business and marketing ethics; (2) at introducing the concept of business ethics and marketing ethics based on the assumptions of personalism
PDF
