The article is focused on identifying the specifics of gender asymmetry in German phraseology based on psycholinguistic analysis. The aim is to determine the essence of using the internal code of the ...speaker's intentions while verbalising gender in the target language culture. The study used the method of a controlled word association test. Google Forms were used to analyse the perception peculiarities of the German idioms components that directly or indirectly denote male and/or female gender. The typicality and individuality of responses to the 26 proposed phraseological units with masculine (Mann, Mensch, Drache, Luder) and feminine (Mädchen, Frau, Dame, Weib) components confirmed the asymmetry and unevenness of gender representation in German. The test involved 81 native speakers (56 women and 25 men) aged 14 to 71 residing in Germany and 82 non-native speakers (70 women and 12 men). None of the participants associated themselves with the third gender. Gender asymmetries characterise German phraseology due to the androcentricity of the German language. The associative representation of the male gender in phraseology due to the processes of metonymisation predicts its leading role in the target linguistic culture. Exclamatory and comparative phraseology registers traces of gender asymmetry neutralisation. However, researchers have discovered that phraseological units with a feminine component exclusively serve to denote feminine traits and homosexuality. The feminine component for a man mainly implicates negative connotations, while expressing neutral and positive ones indirectly. Pejorative idioms with a pronounced negative connotation, treating women as sexual objects or as an appendage of a man, deserve attention in the responses. The respondents' responses to phraseological units with neuter or masculine components predominantly denote the female gender through manifested negative connotations. The responses to the component Mädchen, the suffix -chen of which in German actualises the seme of the neuter category, were mainly negative due to the influence of the denotative and signifying meaning of the phraseological unit. The analysis of the zero associations of some phraseological units with women showed the dominant role of men in the target linguistic culture.
The authors examine the interpretive meanings of phraseological units from the perspective of a cognitive approach and within the framework of the linguistic interpretation theory in order to study ...their role in ensuring conflict-free communication in future research. The undertaken study covers the material from the Russian, English and French languages. The authors argue that the interpretive nature of phraseological units is due to the fact that their meanings convey a certain interpretation of already existing and earlier verbalized knowledge about objects and events. This interpretation takes as a basis the postulated similarity with other objects and events from the same or another conceptual domain and knowledge about them. The method of cognitive modeling applied by the authors makes it possible to determine the type of relationships between different entities, that make up a conceptual basis for phraseological meaning construction. In authors’ opinion, conflict-free verbal communication is directly related to the choice of cognitive mechanisms for the construction of meaning, transmitted by phraseological units, that prevent its misunderstanding or misinterpretation. The analysis of the language material shows that the process of phraseological interpretive meaning construction employs cognitive mechanisms of profiling, conceptual metaphor, conceptual comparison (analogy), conceptual metonymy and conceptual metaphtonymy, profiling being a universal cognitive mechanism that precedes all other cognitive operations.
The paper focuses on comparing the original English slogans and short advertising texts in a recipient language with a view to identify whether the latter should be considered translations within the ...framework of the functional approach or cultural adaptations of original slogans. The scientific novelty of the study is determined by its complex nature: the present study is based on the cognitive approach to the translation of metaphors of multi-structural languages (Ukrainian and English) in order to identify the possibility of transferring to another language cultural experience and mentality that are embedded in the metaphor of the original language. Such interaction generates complex conceptual structures that form around the metaphorical core. Metaphor, as a linguistic and speech phenomenon, undoubtedly causes great theoretical and practical interest. The study of the nature of metaphorical transference, the analysis of the multifaceted language shifts that it causes, the consideration of the dependence of the metaphor on its syntagmatic and paradigmatic ties helps to penetrate the complex vocabulary system, to see the boundless possibilities of the formation of new lexical units hidden therein, to reveal the dynamics of semantic relations within the lexical system this synchronous cut. The study is based on the cognitive and linguo-culturological approaches to analysing slogans containning the metaphor. The research methodology includes the cognitive approach to translating the metaphor. So, as a result of comparing the original English-language slogans and short advertising texts in the language of the receptor, we came to the conclusion that Ukrainian-language slogans in most cases are the result of cultural adaptation of English-speaking short advertising texts. Among the main reasons for handling adaptation, it is important to note, first, the lack of an equivalent metaphor, as well as the possibility of co-keeping the original figurativeness. Secondly, the cultural adaptation of the initial short advertising texts may be dictated by the intention to rewrite the slogan in Ukrainian again in order to better convey the idea to the costumer. A multidimensional analysis of metaphor in slogans showed that the visual component of an advertising campaign plays no less a role than verbal or textual: advertising text can be played with using an image on a poster, thereby creating a construction of correspondences between elements and generating new complex conceptual structures.
The article is devoted to the research of phraseological units representing the concepts of OLD AGE and VEJEZ in Russian and Spanish languages, in psycholinguistic, linguocultural and ...structural-semantic aspects. Considering the fact that the concept of OLD AGE as the personification of experience, the passage of time, physical and mental withering of a personality is a universal phraseological constant of almost every language, the authors found it expedient to compare phraseological and thematic fields of Spanish and Russian, where, as a hypothesis, it is assumed to identify different historical and cultural approaches to the definitions «age», «old age», «aging», etc., and to the corresponding social group. The key methods of linguistic science used in the work are descriptive, linguogenetic and comparative methods. The article provides a scientific justification for the differences in the definition of the phenomenon of OLD AGE in the Spanish and Russian languages, due to the peculiarities of perception of the national linguistic picture of the world by native speakers of Russian and Spanish. The general, universal images of OLD AGE associated with the final period of a person’s life, the weakening of his body, the presence of a certain life experience are revealed. In addition, the provisions on the predominance of phraseological units with pejorative coloring nominating an old person in the Russian language are substantiated, while phraseological units with reclamation coloring prevail in Spanish. Note that for native Spanish speakers, OLD GAE is primarily associated with centenarians, people who have overcome the age of 90, while in Russian such associations are of a singular nature. The argumentation base of the study is based on a wide list of linguistic and lexical-phraseological sources used by the authors while preparing this article.
Цель исследования – разработка принципов лексикографической фиксации семантики фразеологических единиц в словаре нового типа – Фразеологическом психолингвистическом толковом словаре русского языка. В ...статье представлено описание структуры подобного словаря, примерный словник, структура словарной статьи, включающей экспериментальные данные, лексикографические описания, результаты семантической интерпретации экспериментальных данных, иллюстративный материал, комментарий составителя. Приведены образцы словарных статей – фразеологизмов, заимствованных из древнегреческих мифов. Психолингвистические значения фразеологических единиц формулируются на основе данных свободного ассоциативного эксперимента. Полученные результаты позволят скорректировать традиционные данные фразеологических словарей.
The article considers mnemotoponymic phraseological units of the modern French language, i.e. the phraseological units which include topocomponents which not only are used for geographical objects ...naming but also have apparent cultural-historical or socio-economic associations performing memorial function. The term mnemotoponym (Greek mnêmê - “memory”) is suggested for their core component naming. Mnemotoponyms within French phraseological units are subdivided according to their origin into autochthonous (e.g. l’enfer de Verdun, ça tombait comme à Gravelotte) and allochthonous (un procès de Moscou, aller à Baden-Baden). It is also suggested to classify mnemotoponymic phraseological units by their event indication, i.e. those events captured by historical memory in the metaphorical core of a certain phraseological unit. Those may be glorious military victories and inglorious defeats, large-scale disasters, major and minor events in the history of France and the whole world: soldats de Valmy, le soleil d’Austerlitz, c’est la Bérézina, soûl comme toute la Pologne, souvienstoi du vase de Soissons, le débarquement de Normandie, partir à Tataouine, Paris brûle-t-il? etc. The aim of the article is to estimate the layer of these phraseological units and demonstrate the possibility of their classification, present their potential in terms of historical memory manifestation and translation through the French phraseological fund.
The article deals with a complex analysis of a phraseological unit (PhU) phenomenon: its linguo-cognitive basis, structural-semantic potential as well as actualization peculiarities in the English ...and Russian linguo-cultural spaces under the manifestation of a multidimensional oppositive sense through PhUs with a semantic component man . The study establishes that the component exhibits the characteristics of a polysemant in the English language and reconstructs three basic modi of entity: mental-ethical, cognitive-psychological, socio-economic. The semantic component man is less polysemantic in Russian compared to the English equivalent and represents a monolithic spiritual modus. This fundamental difference is caused by the tendency to the ideal interpretation of typically material senses which is specific to the Russian linguoculture. It is revealed that oppositive semantics manifests itself both on the level of internal relations (between the components within a PhU) and on the level of the external ones (with other PhUs) in the two languages. Besides, the main oppositive load is carried out through lexical-grammatical means: antonyms, adversative conjunctions and particles that form symmetrical and asymmetrical contrastives. The study proves that oppositive patterns with a similar structure mark fundamentally different archisemes in English and in Russian, modeling diametrically opposed existential-axiological trajectories (material and ideal correspondingly) in the linguocultures under examination.
The purpose of the research described in the article is to further develop the definition of phraseomatic units and find their position in the system of idiomatics. The research methods applied in ...the work include dictionary definitions analysis, semantic analysis, comparative analysis. The results of the research are as follows: in the course of analysis the authors showed the characteristic features of phraseomatic units against the background of other kinds of idiomatic units of language; characterized the types of meaning reinterpretation in the process of phrases’ semantic transposition in general and in the process of phraseomatic units generation in particular; revealed the predominant sphere of their speech usage (the discourse of professional communication). The prospects of further research are: studying phraseomatisms in connection with their terminological function, their ability to determine the most important quality of the object of nomination, are bound to deepen our understanding of their place in the system of idiomatics, and therefore they are sure to bring us closer to solving the riddle of idiomaticity. Phraseomatic units and other idiomatic units of language must be studied within the framework of a unified theory of idiomatics. All kinds of idiomatic units have not only specific but also common features, which makes it possible to unify them into one structural and semantic class.
The article considers a new linguistic phenomenon, widely spread in social networks — «hashtag». A plan of the expression and a plan of the content of hashtags are analyzed in social networks. It is ...concluded that the hashtag is an interesting object for linguistic research. The hashtags with the word «soul» and its synonyms in the social network «Instagram» are analyzed and grouped
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