Very few studies exist on the outdoor thermal environment and thermal comfort impact of a semi-outdoor environment--under a piloti--in a humid subtropical climate city. Subjective data was collected ...using questionnaires both in a square and under a piloti during June and July 2011 in Wuhan. The aims were to obtain a better understanding of human thermal comfort response while outdoors and to clarify the effect of piloti on thermal comfort in a humid subtropical climate city. It was found that mean radiant temperature (MRT) plays a more important role than air temperature in the subjective response of people to the outdoor thermal environment. The relationship between the standard effective temperature (SET*) and thermal sensation vote (TSV) was clarified, and the neutral SET* was calculated as being about 24.8°C. Being under a piloti has a notable impact, reducing the heat effect by ameliorating the microclimate and enhancing human thermal comfort outdoors. When the maximum air temperature exceeded 35°C during daytime, the SET* decreased by 9°C under the piloti in a humid subtropical climate city relative to that in a nearby square, and the acceptance rate of the outdoor thermal environment under the piloti was more than twice that in the square.
In this paper, Buckling-Restrained Knee Bracing (BRKB) system was developed through sub-assemblage tests. The core plate of the BRKB was restrained with two channel sections. Tests of the five BRKBs ...were carried out under cyclic loading as specified in the AISC (2005) Seismic Provisions. It was observed that the ductility and energy dissipation capacity of the BRKBs were mainly affected by the variables: size of core plate, size of channel sections, and size of end plate. Four out of five specimens satisfied the compression-strength adjustment factor and cumulative plastic ductility specified in the provisions. The BRKB, which showed the best performance among the test specimens, was applied to a piloti type reinforced concrete building. Static pushover and non-linear time history analyses were performed to confirm the retrofit effect. The analysis results showed that the installation of the BRKBs improved the seismic behavior of the building significantly in terms of strength and story drift.
This third edition of Human Factors in Aviation and Aerospace is a fully updated and expanded version of the highly successful second edition. Written for the widespread aviation community including ...students, engineers, scientists, pilots, managers, government personnel, etc., this edition continues to offer a comprehensive overview, including pilot performance, human factors in aircraft design, and vehicles and systems. With new editors, this edition adds chapters on aviator attention and perception, accident investigations, automated systems in civil transport airplanes, and aerospace. Multicontributed by leading professionals in the field, this book is the ultimate resource for anyone in the aviation and aerospace industries.. * Uses real-world case examples of dangers and solutions * Includes a new chapter on spaceflight human factors and decision making * Examines future directions for automated systems, in two new, separate chapters
A series of tsunami water tank experiments have been conducted to study global and local tsunami actions on low-to-mid-rise buildings with or without openings and piloti space. Each small-scaled ...experimental model produced by 3D printer is assumed as a three-story building of square plan with four corner columns and a center core. Wave pressures generated on several portions of external and internal walls are measured to discuss the local tsunami action, whereas wave forces acting on the whole building are measured to discuss the global tsunami action. Numerical analyses have been carried out to simulate the flow of tsunami inside and outside of the buildings and its effect on building structures through the comparison with experimental results.Based on experimental and analytical results, conclusions within this study are summarized as follows:1) The existence of piloti space reduces the rise of water level and run-up on the front wall.2) Breaking of glass windows causes the decrease in wave pressure on the external wall and the increase in wave pressure on the internal core wall.3) Non-fragile windows cause the increase in water level and run-up at the front surface and consequently the rise of water pressure.4) Maximum wave pressure tends to be generated on the internal core wall rather than on the external wall.5) Tsunami flowing into the inside of building drains out of side and rear walls depending on flow velocity.6) Horizontal wave force acting on the whole building decreases by 20 to 35% in the case with openings and piloti space compared to the case without openings and piloti space.7) The core wall should be taken into consideration as a part of projected area in addition to exterior walls to evaluate horizontal wave force.8) Vertical force acts downwardly in the case with openings and piloti space, although it acts upwardly in the case without openings and piloti space.9) Tsunami simulation analysis based on VOF method is effective to evaluate both local wave pressure and global wave force.10) The spatial distribution and time variation of wave pressure acting on the building and flow velocity inside and outside of the building can be accurately evaluated by tsunami simulation analysis.11) Vertical force can be reasonably evaluated by slightly floating the building portion from the water bed in the analytical model.
The piloti, elevating the building above ground, is one of the most characteristic modernist structural types. This element also has spatial implications, as recognized by Le Corbusier's “Five ...Points” and exemplified in his “Villa Savoye (1928-31)”. After World War II a number of such houses made their appearance in Japan. Here we aim to illustrate and examine how Japanese architects of the time extrapolated a design theme from this model, based on a study of such work as it appeared in architectural publications. Initially, two aspects of the piloti concept were selected, and each scheme was then subjected to a “KJ-method” analysis (originated by KAWAKITA Jiro). First, we scrutinized the architect's intention in adopting a piloti scheme. Secondly, we attempted to assess each architect's distinct view of the spatial character of the prototype, as exemplified in his deployment of the piloti model. At this point, the composition of each house was assessed with regard to two aspects involving the relationship between building and ground, namely the interrelation of building to site and to its natural gradation. Finally, the mediation between each architect's thinking and the final composition has been plotted in terms of this dual classification.
12 - aircraft makes speed race by turning around San Nicolò, Campanile di Burano and Antenne di Campalto
7 - technician calculates wind reduction with anemometer
5 - aircraft with incom journalists ...lands at the new modena airfield
15 - race winner Meille exits the aircraft and is embraced by bystanders
9 - aircraft falls in the landing phase in front of a five-meter obstacle
10 - proof of German incom rider Schuller en route to Venice
6 - journalists are welcomed by the prefect of Modena Bracali and the president of the Modenese aeroclub, Setti
3 - presentation of the riders who will participate in the race
Western European map depicting the iteneraries of international air week.
4 - aerial view of Modena
2 - Miramare camp in Rimini
14 - aircraft being landed
13 - aircraft overtake each other
11 - aerial view of Venice
1 - aerial view of Rimini
8 - aircraft takes off by breaking down an obstacle of one meter
Cartina dell'Europa Occidentale raffigurante gli itenerari della Settimana Aerea Internazionale
1 - veduta aerea di Rimini
2 - campo di Miramare a Rimini
3 - presentazione dei piloti che parteciperanno alla gara
4 - veduta aerea di Modena
5 - velivolo con giornalisti della Incom atterra al nuovo autoaerodromo di modena
6 - i giornalisti vengono accolti del Prefetto di Modena Bracali e dal Presidente dell'Aeroclub modenese, Setti
7 - tecnico calcola la riduzione del vento con l'anemometro
8 - velivolo decolla abbattendo un ostacolo di un metro
9 - velivolo cade in fase di atterraggio davanti ad un ostacolo di cinque metri
10 - prova del pilota Schuller della Incom tedesca in rotta per Venezia
11 - veduta aerea di Venezia
12 - velivolo effettua gara di velocità virando intorno a San Nicolò , al campanile di Burano e alle antenne di Campalto
13 - velivoli si sorpassano vicendevolmente
14 - velivolo in fase di atterraggio
15 - il vincitore della gara Meille esce dal velivolo e viene abbracciato dagli astanti
U članku su izneseni rezultati arheološkog nadzora provedenog u atriju Kneževa dvora u Dubrovniku potkraj 2015. i početkom 2016. godine, u vrijeme njegove obnove, kao i rezultati određivanja starosti ...drvenih pilota metodom 14C – AMS (akceleratorska masena spektrometrija).
Pri izvođenju geomehaničkih bušotina u kamenim temeljima stupova u atriju Dvora utvrđeno je da se ispod njih nalaze ostaci drvenih pilota. Temelji su oslonjeni na drvene pilote zabijene u muljevito tlo kako bi se osigurala stabilnost građevine. Provedene analize radioaktivnim ugljikom 14C odredile su starost drva u rasponu od 16. do 19. stoljeća. U recentnom nasipnom sloju između temelja stupova i armiranobetonskih greda pronađen je manji broj keramičkih, staklenih, metalnih i kamenih nalaza. Ti nalazi svjedoče o upotrebi stolnog keramičkog glaziranog i staklenog posuđa te grubog kuhinjskog keramičkog posuđa svakodnevne upotrebe u Dvoru i/ili okolnim građevinama. Pronađeni ulomci također upućuju na to da je prostor Dvora ili neke obližnje građevine bio osvjetljavan staklenim svjetiljkama te da su stakleni diskovi (oculi) korišteni za izradu prozorskih ploha.
It is known that piloti-type structures, which have open space on the ground floor, have an advantage for tsunami hitting because tsunami can pass through the ground floor. There is a basic guideline ...for the design of piloti-type structures for tsunami forces but detailed information such as tsunami forces acting on the elevator hall or the ceiling is not speculated. It was also reported that tsunami forces acting on members of piloti-type structures such as the elevator hall or the ceiling estimated by the existing guideline were occasionally much smaller than the tsunami forces measured by the hydraulic physical model tests. In the present study, hydraulic physical model tests were performed by using the tsunami wave generator in the wave basin in order to investigate the characteristics of tsunami force acting on the elevator hall of the piloti-type structures. As a result of the physical model tests, the tsunami forces acting on members of the structure could be estimated by the Froude Number of the incoming tsunami, same manner as in the case of a vertical wall. When the elevator hall of the piloti-type structures is located in the landward side, the tsunami forces acting on the elevator hall becomes larger because the tsunami flow is restricted at the ceiling in front of the elevator hall. This tsunami forces could be estimated by the momentum of the incoming tsunami.
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