The surface of lipid droplets (LDs) in various cell types is coated with perilipin proteins encoded by the Plin genes. Perilipins regulate LD metabolism by selectively recruiting lipases and other ...proteins to LDs. We have studied the expression of perilipins in mouse muscle. The glycolytic fiber-enriched gastrocnemius muscle expresses predominantly Plin2-4. The oxidative fiber-enriched soleus muscle expresses Plin2-5. Expression of Plin2 and Plin4-5 is elevated in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles from mice fed a high-fat diet. This effect is preserved in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α-deficient mice. Mouse muscle derived C2C12 cells differentiated into glycolytic fibers increase transcription of these Plins when exposed to various long chain fatty acids (FAs). To understand how FAs regulate Plin genes, we used specific activators and antagonists against PPARs, Plin promoter reporter assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation, siRNA, and animal models. Our analyses demonstrate that FAs require PPARδ to induce transcription of Plin4 and Plin5. We further identify a functional PPAR binding site in the Plin5 gene and establish Plin5 as a novel direct PPARδ target in muscle. Our study reveals that muscle cells respond to elevated FAs by increasing transcription of several perilipin LD-coating proteins. This induction renders the muscle better equipped to sequester incoming FAs into cytosolic LDs.
Različiti postupci dimenzioniranja mogu se naći u literaturi. Više ih je za standardne tipove separatora. Za specifične izvedbe nema ih mnogo, obično su to postupci u kojima ima mnogo iskustvenih ...podataka i koje primjenjuju projektne organizacije, koje ih ne objavljuju. Ovdje su dani postupci za osam osnovnih tipova separatora: dva za dvofazne separatore i šest za trofazne. Postupci su dani s primjerima radi lakšeg razumijevanja postupka.
•We analyzed the 5′cis-regulatory regions of four genes involved in lipid metabolism in sheep.•We identified 10 novel polymorphisms in the 5′regulatory regions in FASN, GPAM, MC4R and PLIN1 ...genes.•The polymorphisms fall into the core sequence of transcription factor binding sites.•The adipogenic genes are over expressed in the intensive group (ING- GRE and IND).
We have analyzed the 5′cis-regulatory regions of four genes coding for key proteins involved in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis in Rasa Aragonesa, Assaf and Roja Mallorquina sheep breeds. We identified 10 novel polymorphisms in the 5′regulatory regions in fatty acid synthase (FASN), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase mitochondrial (GPAM), melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) and perilipin (PLIN1) genes. Due to the involvement of these genes in fat quantitative traits and the effect of all polymorphic positions on transcription factors binding sites, we tested all of them in two relevant meat reared breeds which were subjected to different feeding systems. Although no relationship was detected between the mRNA expression level of the candidate genes and the genotypes, additional studies must be conducted in older individuals, since these polymorphisms have been detected by in silico studies to be putatively involved in transcriptional or posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms. The expression level of GPAM, MC4R and PLIN1 genes was analyzed and compared between feeding groups detecting over expression of adipogenic genes in the intensive groups. These results suggest that nutritional stimulation affects the expression of candidates genes involved in lipid metabolic processes, and therefore the fat quality in meat ruminant-derived food products.
This study is mostly based on analysis of archival data from the State Archives in Trieste concerning the planning, construction, and opening of the lighthouse in Savudrija in the night of 17/18 ...April 1818. In the beginning, the lighthouse used distilled gas to produce its light; it was obtained from coal from the Raša Coal Mines. This process was exceptionally technologically innovative on the level of the Habsburg Monarchy and even the world, since a similar system of public city lighting was introduced in Vienna only in 1818, and in London in 1813. Considering the application of this facility for the functioning of a lighthouse, and according to the data available to the author at this time, it appears that Savudrija achieved a first in this area, which has since been completely forgotten. Namely, according to existing literature, the first lighthouse of this sort began functioning in 1865, when John Richardson Wigham designed a gas illumination system for the Baily lighthouse near Dublin. The gas lamp in the Savudrija lighthouse began to function 47 years earlier. However, since gas distillation facilities were still in their infancy at this time and had numerous technological weaknesses – for example, the lamps were prone to soot due to the lack of a sophisticated gas filtering and by-product separation system – and, despite the fact that this form of illumination was somewhat cheaper than oil-based systems, it was replaced by that older and simpler type of illumination in 1823.
U radu se obraduju pravni aspekti utjecaja djelatnosti plutajuceg terminala na morski okoli , i to u fazi kada terminal pocne raditi, to se predvida za 1. sijecnja 2021. godine, ne ulazeci u analizu ...utjecaja gradnje samog terminala na morski okoli . Djelatnosti plutajuceg terminala su prihvat, skladi tenje i uplinjavanje ukapljenog prirodnog plina te zatim otprema prirodnog plina u transportni sustav. Unatoc primjeni du ne pa nje ove djelatnosti mogu dovesti do tetnih posljedica za morski okoli . U slucaju da te djelatnosti s povecanom opasno cu prouzroce oneci cenje morskog okoli a, odgovara osoba koja se njima bavi, osim ako se ugovorom kojim se operater ovla cuje na obavljanje takvih djelatnosti izricito ne propi e odgovornost dr ave pod cijom jurisdikcijom ili kontrolom se djelatnosti obavljaju.
Ovaj rad analizira moguću ulogu ukapljenoga prirodnog plina (LNG) u regiji u smanjenju emisije CO2 zamjenom određenoga dijela krutih fosilnih goriva. Povećana potrošnja prirodnoga plina, smanjenje ...rezervi plina u Sjevernome moru i povećani troškovi proizvodnje stvorili su nove mogućnosti za UPP u Europi. Energetska strategija Republike Hrvatske usmjerena je na jačanje tranzitne pozicije prirodnoga plina koja bi mogla uspostaviti Hrvatsku kao primarno tržište UPPa za zemlje iz regije, što pokazuje da je energetska strategija naklonjena UPP-u. U ovome radu provedena je analiza mogućnosti uspostave regionalnoga plinskog čvorišta za UPP. Regija obuhvaća sljedeće promatrane i ispitivane zemlje: Hrvatsku, Srbiju, Bosnu i Hercegovinu, Mađarsku, Sloveniju i Sjevernu Makedoniju. Ovisnost regije o plinu koji se isporučuje plinovodima velika je, a plinski transportni sustavi zemalja u regiji nisu dovoljno povezani s interkonekcijama, tako da prirodni plin može biti dostupan u dovoljnoj količini i kretati se između trgovaca. S druge strane, promatrana tržišta nisu organizirana i u dovoljnoj mjeri likvidna, što je ključni preduvjet za bilo koju vrstu čvorišta uopće. Da bi se smanjila ovisnost regije o plinovodnome prirodnom plinu, potrebno je izgraditi interkonekcije između Hrvatske i Srbije, Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine te Srbije i Sjeverne Makedonije. Nakon dovršetka spomenutih interkonekcija regija bi mogla postići veću sigurnost opskrbe prirodnim plinom. Ovaj rad također analizira mogućnost korištenja punoga kapaciteta LNG terminala kao izvora opskrbe prirodnim plinom u svrhu zamjene krutih fosilnih goriva u regiji. Zamjenom krutih fosilnih goriva prirodnim plinom moguće je postići znatne uštede na emisiji CO2 , što pridonosi zelenoj i održivoj budućnosti.
The purpose of this research was to identify if Sirt3 plays a role in marrow adipogenesis and adipokines secretion, especially adiponectin using bone marrow‐derived stroma (ST2) cell model. Sirt3 ...overexpression leads to a significant increase in adipogenesis compared to controls. The induction of adipogenesis by Sirt3 is associated with increased gene expression of adipocyte markers as well as adiponectin/adipokines. In sharp contrast, the inhibition of Sirt3 exhibited significantly decreased adipogenesis, adipocyte markers, and adiponectin/adipokines compared to the controls. Interestingly, perilipin 1 (Plin 1) expression was decreased in Sirt3 induction but increased in Sirt3 inhibition. One hundred and fifteen mitochondrial acetylated peptides from 67 mitochondrial proteins had lower levels of acetylation in adipocytes induced by Sirt3 overexpression (Sirt3OE) compared to the control. Of the 67 proteins less enriched in acetylation, 22 acetylated proteins were decreased by more than twofold. These proteins are considered potential Sirt3 substrates in adipogenesis. In conclusion, Sirt3 has a novel, important role in modulating adipogenesis and adiponectin/adipokine expression. The connection axis among Sirt3‐adipogenesis‐adipokines was linked to its substrates by mass spectrometry analysis. These findings contribute to the efforts of revealing Sirt3 functions and Sirt3 usage as a potential target for treatment of metabolic homeostasis and diseases including type 2 diabetes.
A novel and critical role for mitochondrial Sirt3 in modulating adipogenesis was uncovered in the study. Sirt3 promotes adipogenesis associated with adipokine secretion. Perilipin 1, interestingly, decreased in Sirt3 induction, but increased in Sirt3 reduction. 67 mitochondrial proteins have been identified as potential Sirt3 substrates in adipogenesis by Mass Spectrometry analysis.
We examined the effects of chronic TNFα and dibutyryl-cAMP (Db-cAMP) pre-treatment on the lipolytic machinery of human hMADS adipocytes. TNFα decreased adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and ...hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) protein content and triglycerides (TG)-hydrolase activity but increased basal lipolysis due to a marked reduction in perilipin (PLIN) protein content. Conversely, Db-cAMP increased ATGL and HSL protein content but prevented PLIN phosphorylation, the net result being accentuated basal lipolysis. In forskolin-stimulated conditions, TNFα and Db-cAMP pre-treatment decreased stimulated TG-hydrolase activity and impaired PLIN phosphorylation. Together, this resulted in a severely attenuated response to forskolin-stimulated lipolysis.
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