This work presents methods for using the ceramic glow plug as a sensor element. This means that the ceramic glow plug will not only perform its conventional task as a heating element but will also ...provide information, such as motor speed, from the combustion chamber as a sensor. The main focus will be on the change in resistance, particularly under the influence of a temperature change, in the immediate vicinity of the ceramic glow plug.
For the plug flow mode of dense-phase pneumatic conveying, three different types of plugs have been defined, and models for predicting the pressure drop in conveying pipeline have been established. ...In literature, the model for Plug-2 pressure drop is mechanistic and depends on several properties of the materials forming the plug. Therefore, modification of the model with experimentally corrected material properties is considered in this study. The parameters tested in this study are plug velocity, particle velocity, and the stationary layer height. Using the new functional relationships, the Plug-2 pressure drop model is modified and its predictions are compared with experimentally measured pressure drops obtained in conveying Plug-2. It is found that the modified Plug-2 pressure drop model matches experimental values well within the variation range of ±20%. Further, a detailed analysis of various types of related velocities is presented and a new type of plug, called ‘Plug-2*’, is developed.
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•Properties on which classical plug-2 pressure drop depends established independently.•Using the properties, classical plug-2 pressure drop model is modified and validated.•Classical plug-2 exists for Re < 2300.•New type of plug flow namely ‘Plug-2*’ is identified.
As concerns of oil depletion and security of supply remain as severe as ever, and faced with the consequences of climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions, Europe is increasingly looking at ...alternatives to traditional road transport technologies. Battery Electric Vehicles (BEVs) are seen as a promising technology, which could lead to the decarbonisation of the Light Duty Vehicle fleet and to independence from oil. However it still has to overcome some significant barriers to gain social acceptance and obtain appreciable market penetration. This review evaluates the technological readiness of the different elements of BEV technology and highlights those technological areas where important progress is expected. Techno-economic issues linked with the development of BEVs are investigated. Current BEVs in the market need to be more competitive than other low carbon vehicles, a requirement which stimulates the necessity for new business models. Finally, the all-important role of politics in this development is, also, discussed. As the benefit of BEVs can help countries meet their environmental targets, governments have included them in their roadmaps and have developed incentives to help them penetrate the market.
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From the point of view of primary diagram, secondary equipment and Model Association of distribution network, this paper studies Plug and Play technology of distribution network equipment ...from access to application, describes the advantages and disadvantages of different technologies, and provides development ideas for future construction of distribution automation.
The train plug door is the only way for passengers getting on and off. Its failures will make train operation ineffective. Taking the developed digital signal processing technologies into ...consideration, a data-driven diagnosis method for train plug doors is proposed based on sound recognition. First, a novel preprocessing method based on empirical mode decomposition and hybrid intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) selection criterion is proposed. The selected significant IMFs are used to reconstruct the signals. Inspired by the idea of fractional calculus, novel entropy named fractional wavelet package decomposition energy entropy (FWPDE) is proposed. Finally, multi-class support vector machine is used for classification and validation. Experimental results indicate that the proposed preprocessing method is of great significance to extract effective FWPDE features. In addition, FWPDE is more powerful in comparison with the classical wavelet package decomposition energy entropy. The identification accuracy using the proposed method reaches 96.28%, which demonstrates its effectiveness and superiority.
Schematic representation of anaerobic digestion of plug flow reactor in a long term experiment.
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•Anaerobic digestion of corn silage was studied in a plug flow reactor.•An increase in ...biogas production was observed with increase in OLR.•At high OLR, concentration of CH4 got decreased with increase in H2S.
Anaerobic digestion of corn silage was studied in a semi-continuous anaerobic plug flow reactor (PFR) at mesophilic condition. This work study the influence of increase in organic loading rate (OLR) on biogas production and other important parameters during anaerobic digestion. Varied OLR in the range of 3.5–8.5 kg m−3 d−1 (volatile solids (VS) fed basis)-volatile fatty acids (VFA) and FOS/TAC value increased with OLR, was stable up to 6.5 kg m−3 d−1, and became critically unstable when OLR was 8.5 kg m−3 d−1. An increase in biogas production was perceived with each upsurge in OLR, although CH4 concentration decreased and H2S content increased under high loading. The PFR lost its stability at 8.5 kg m−3 d−1 OLR that was apparently observed by decline in biogas yield and CH4 content.
Efficient and reliable demand side management techniques for community charging of plug-in hybrid electrical vehicles (PHEVs) and plug-in electrical vehicles (PEVs) are needed, as large numbers of ...these vehicles are being introduced to the power grid. To avoid overloads and maximize customer preferences in terms of time and cost of charging, a constrained nonlinear optimization problem can be formulated. In this paper, we have developed a novel cooperative distributed algorithm for charging control of PHEVs/PEVs that solves the constrained nonlinear optimization problem using Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions and consensus networks in a distributed fashion. In our design, the global optimal power allocation under all local and global constraints is reached through peer-to-peer coordination of charging stations. Therefore, the need for a central control unit is eliminated. In this way, single-node congestion is avoided when the size of the problem is increased and the system gains robustness against single-link/node failures. Furthermore, via Monte Carlo simulations, we have demonstrated that the proposed distributed method is scalable with the number of charging points and returns solutions, which are comparable to centralized optimization algorithms with a maximum of 2% sub-optimality. Thus, the main advantages of our approach are eliminating the need for a central energy management/coordination unit, gaining robustness against single-link/node failures, and being scalable in terms of single-node computations.
•The international trend for PEV technologies and industry are reviewed.•A triple-perspective review method is presented to evaluate Chinese PEVs industry.•The accurate results are presented by ...feasible detailed classification method for PEV.•Industrialization evolution rules are obtained by massive data for PEVs.•The industrialization and policy impact of five types of PEV are clarified.
Recently, China has been facing energy security and urban air pollution challenges. The development of new energy vehicles (NEVs) is considered an optimal technological route for solving such problems. By the end of 2015, China had become world’s largest plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) market; however, the core technologies associated with PEVs remain less competitive in the world marketplace. Thus, determining the global trend and national development laws is very important for the Chinese government to draft long-term technological strategies and lead the NEV industry. In this study, the international technological trend is analyzed and industrialization progresses of top global countries are compared. NEV development is reviewed through a detailed classification and a triple-perspective method to determine the industrialization rules. The review indicates the following. (i) China’s NEV market penetration, particularly for commercial electric vehicles, is dominated by state policies. The subsidy policy has a significant influence on powertrain options; therefore, the current incentive polices should be optimized. (ii) The range-extended-type plug-in hybrid electric cars have been verified as the optimal roadmap, and plug-in hybrid electric sports utility vehicles hold great promise in the future Chinese market. (iii) Micro-electric cars dominate the electric car market and are expected to be commercialized first when the government subsidy phases out. (iv) The industry has grown rapidly and the charging infrastructure construction can keep up with the progress of PEV market penetration. The post-EV market (such as battery and vehicle recycling) must be considered in advance.
