The paper focuses on the first phase of women’s efforts to gain the right to vote. There had been discussion over the preparation of the Second Reform Act about widening the franchise. In 1866, a ...group of women gathered in the Kensington Society came up with an idea to create a petition which called for right for women householders to gain right to vote on the same basis as men did, without the distinction of sex. The petition of 1866 reached an unexpected number of signatures and MP John Stuart Mill presented the question of women’s suffrage in the House of Commons. The paper follows the arguments for and against the women’s suffrage in the 1860s. The 1866 petition was an important step in the women’s emancipation movement as it started a broader movement to gain the suffrage.
This study presents the destruction of the Hungarian currency caused by the Second World War. The devastation caused by Nazi collaboration and the Soviet Red Army had an impact on the Hungarian ...“pengő”. The occupying Soviets tried to take advantage of all this and interfered with the circulation of money to increase their own political influence. They printed their own banknotes, which were later used to pay by the Hungarian National Bank. The Provisional Government tried to stop inflation after the war and then tried to resist Soviet pressure and to restore cash flow in Hungary, as well.
The submitted paper examines the so-called Kharkov trial, i.e., the trial that took place before the military authorities of Soviet Union in December 1943 and which is often described as one of the ...first trials of Nazi war criminals. The causes of the trial, as well as its course and subsequent national and international responses to it are analyzed. The aim of the article is to present the information about the above-mentioned trial and to point out some procedural elements that could have served as inspiration for future trials of war criminals, but also to recall the terrible crimes committed in the Kharkov region at a time when Ukraine is facing another unjustified invasion and aggression.
The paper analyzes the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and its four key clauses – the citizenship clause, the priviliges or immunities clause, the due ...process clause and the equal protection clause. Special attention is paid to the debates of the members of the 39th Congress which offer an insight into the original understanding of terms and phrases used in the text of the Amendment and that make possible to understand the context of its origin. The paper tries to describe the most likely original meaning of the individual clauses of the first section and analyze their possible various interpretations that often stand in direct opposition. While it can be reasonably assumed that during the times of the passing and ratification of the Amendment its objective was fairly limited, reflecting the post-war political reality in the United States, during the decades following ratification the Amendment started to be applied to issues that until then had been completely in the hands of the legislatures and depending on the democratic discussion on both federal and state level. The authors quoted in this paper can not be assigned to just one method of interpretation and legal philosophy, to the contrary, the paper aims to confront different views on the Amendment and its original meaning and based on it reach a conclusion; therefore both the view seeing the meaning of the Amendment as limited, held for example by professors Charles Fairman and Raoul Berger, and the perspective that sees its objectives as broader, represented for example by professors Michael Kent Curtis and Randy Barnett, are mentioned.
Women have generally been permitted to study law properly at university since the late 19th century. The first country to allow women to study at university level was the United States of America. In ...Europe, it has been possible for women to study law at the universities and practise it, particularly as attorneys-at-law, later than in the USA, but with equal success.
Although the history of European law of succession is colourful, changes in its conception have been continuous, especially in case of transferring the claims. They have not been adopted equally ...consistently by all states in which the monarchy order is still an integral part of the legal system. We can find out the trend of transition from more rigorous forms (such as Salic or Agnatic law) to the current absolute primogeniture, which is gradually applied across whole continent. In some countries there we can find significant divergence between this successor order and older nobelmen orders. The status of women became over time more equal to the status of men, but at the same time women gradually lost their exclusive position that was reserved for them by previous orders.
The paper deals with the changes in the position of the wife in law of succession (both as an intestate heir and as a person entitled to the forced share) in the Czech lands from the middle of the ...18th century to the present day, and also with discussions about the adjustment of her inheritance-legal position in Czech-Austrian jurisprudence at the beginning of the 20th century (during the recodification of ABGB) and in the 1920s (in connection with the interwar recodification). The evolution of law of succession in the Czech-Austrian area and in the European context is characterized by the strengthening of the position of spouses; in the domestic regulation of law of succession as a whole and especially in the intestate succession, we can see a shift from “consanguinity” to consideration of “needs” and “merit”. In the Czech lands, however, there is a different approach in the intestate law, where the position of the wife was gradually strengthened (the turning point was in particular the 1st sub-amendment of the ABGB in 1914, inspired by the German BGB in 1896), and when regarding the forced share, where her position (unlike in Austria) has not yet been improved (despite repeated efforts at the beginning of the 19th century during the finalization of the ABGB, at the beginning of the 20th century during the preparation of the amendment of the ABGB, in the 20s of the 20th century in connection with the interwar recodification, and at the beginning of the 21st century during the preparation of the 2012 Civil Code).
The article analyses the development of agreements on work performed outside employment relationship in the Czechoslovak and Czech legal system on the background of the contemporary context. ...Agreements on work performed outside employment relationship are a traditional institution of Czech and Slovak labour law, which is not found anywhere else in the world. The reason for their creation is related to the economic needs of Czechoslovakia in the socialist era. The article discusses the contemporary context of the creation of such agreements, their original legal regulation in the previous Labour Code (Act No. 65/1965 Sb.), important amendments and the reasons that led to them, and the legal regulation of agreements in the new Labour Code (Act No. 262/2006 Sb.). The knowledge gained from the study of agreements on work performed outside employment relationship is used to present de lege ferenda considerations.
Position of women in Roman law differs in various aspects. Reasons for such differences are often traditional; in some cases, they can be regarded as manifestation of sometimes exaggerated ...protectionism or paternalism, which could be regarded as unlawful discrimination. The aim of this paper is to analyse the terminology which sources of law use to refer to the position of women.
After Japan’s defeat in World War II, its political system underwent a gradual modernization from militarism to neoliberal democracy. Radical changes in the structure, functions and the nature of the ...country political system differed in special political and legal aspects: in the form of the government, parliamentarism, a party system, governance. During this period, Japan went from a bureaucratic authoritarian system to a modern, conciliatory political system.
