There has been an enormous increase in interest in the use of evidence for public policymaking, but the vast majority of work on the subject has failed to engage with the political nature of decision ...making and how this influences the ways in which evidence will be used (or misused) within political areas. This book provides new insights into the nature of political bias with regards to evidence and critically considers what an ‘improved’ use of evidence would look like from a policymaking perspective. Part I describes the great potential for evidence to help achieve social goals, as well as the challenges raised by the political nature of policymaking. It explores the concern of evidence advocates that political interests drive the misuse or manipulation of evidence, as well as counter-concerns of critical policy scholars about how appeals to ‘evidence-based policy’ can depoliticise political debates. Both concerns reflect forms of bias – the first representing technical bias, whereby evidence use violates principles of scientific best practice, and the second representing issue bias in how appeals to evidence can shift political debates to particular questions or marginalise policy-relevant social concerns. Part II then draws on the fields of policy studies and cognitive psychology to understand the origins and mechanisms of both forms of bias in relation to political interests and values. It illustrates how such biases are not only common, but can be much more predictable once we recognise their origins and manifestations in policy arenas. Finally, Part III discusses ways to move forward for those seeking to improve the use of evidence in public policymaking. It explores what constitutes ‘good evidence for policy’, as well as the ‘good use of evidence’ within policy processes, and considers how to build evidence-advisory institutions that embed key principles of both scientific good practice and democratic representation. Taken as a whole, the approach promoted is termed the ‘good governance of evidence’ – a concept that represents the use of rigorous, systematic and technically valid pieces of evidence within decision-making processes that are representative of, and accountable to, populations served.
Universiteterne er en bragende succes. Forskningen beriger os på mange planer, og bachelorer og kandidater har givet et kæmpe løft til hele samfundet. Man må sige, at globaliseringsstrategien ...vedtaget i 00’erne gjorde en stor, positiv forskel for samfundsudviklingen.I dag kan jeg godt savne politiske visioner for universiteterne. Når der kommer udspil på området, handler det sjældent om at højne kvaliteten, men i øjeblikket om at gøre uddannelserne kortere, fordi pengene skal bruges et andet sted.
This paper aims to analyze the approach of Serbian and Spanish authorities towards Holocaust commemoration during the year 2005. During the 60th anniversary of the end of the Second World War, there ...was further institutionalization of Holocaust memory by designating January 27 as the official day of remembrance on a global and European level. Adapting old forms of commemoration to new transnational frameworks brought other issues to the forefront – the memory of wars, the question of suffering of the Serbian/Spanish and Jewish people and the interpretation of the role of local fascist forces in the Holocaust.
The 14th thematic volume of International Development Policy provides perspectives through case studies from the global Souths focusing on the challenges and opportunities of governing migration on ...the subnational, national, regional and international levels. Bringing together some thirty authors from Africa, Latin America and Asia, the book explores existing and new policies and frameworks in terms of their successes and best practices, and looks at them through the lens of additional challenges, such as those brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic, the rise of nationalisms and an increase in xenophobia. The chapters also take the ‘5 Ps’ approach to sustainable development (people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnerships) and assess how migration policies serve sustainable development in a rapidly evolving context. Contributors are Yousra Abourabi, Gabriela Agosto, Belkis Aracena, Andrea Fernández Benítez, Macarena Chepo, Amanda Coffie, Jonathan Crush, María del Consuelo Dávila Pérez, Dêlidji Eric Degila, Jenny Lind Elmaco, René Leyva Flores, Luisa Feline Freier, Silvia Núñez García, Marcela Pezoa González, Binod Khadria, Ariel González Levaggi, Wei Li, Meixin Liu, Ling Ma, Ratnam Mishra, Daniel Naujoks, Claudia Padilla, Karol Rojas, Fabiana Rubinstein, Yining Tan, Narender Thakur, Gerasimos Tsourapas, Valeria Marina Valle and Jossette Iribarne Wiff.
U radu se razmatra važnost fazne heuristike za razvoj javnih politika kao akademske discipline. Pod faznom heuristikom podrazumijeva se shvaćanje koje ističe da proces stvaranja politika prolazi kroz ...niz sukcesivnih faza, poput postavljanja dnevnog reda, formulacije, legitimiranja, implementacije i vrednovanja javnih politika. Rad se zasniva na razmatranju 66 knjiga objavljenih u razdoblju od 1968. do 2023., podijeljenih u dvije temeljne skupine: naslove koji daju cjeloviti prikaz faznog modela i naslove koji su bez cjelovitog prikaza tog modela. Rezultati analize knjiga koje su ušle u uzorak pokazuju da većina naslova ne slijedi obrazac fazne heuristike, premda i dalje značajan broj naslova, pogotovo kada je riječ o udžbenicima, jasno slijedi fazni narativ u prikazu stvaranja javnih politika. U radu se daje kratki prikaz razvoja fazne naracije usporedno s razvojem javnih politika kao akademske discipline, a prikazuju se i temeljne kritike takvog pristupa. U posljednjem se dijelu rada tematizira moguća uloga fazne heuristike u budućem razvoju teorijskih pristupa javnim politikama.
The paper discusses the importance of stages heuristics for the development of public policies as an academic discipline. The stages heuristic implies that the policy making process goes through a series of successive stages, such as agenda-setting, formulation, legitimation, implementation and evaluation of public policy. The paper is based on the consideration of 66 books published in the period from 1968 to 2023, divided into two basic groups: titles that provide a complete presentation of the stages model and titles that do not provide a complete presentation of that model. The results of the analysis of the books included in the sample show that the majority of titles do not follow the pattern of stages heuristic, although still a significant number of titles, especially when it comes to textbooks, clearly follow the phase narrative in the presentation of the process of public policy making. The paper gives a brief description of the development of the phase narrative in parallel with the development of public policies as an academic discipline, and also presents the fundamental criticisms of such an approach. The last part of the paper discusses the possible role of stages heuristics in the future development of theoretical approaches to the discipline of public policy.
Članak prikazuje i analizira temeljne dokumente Europske unije o integraciji migranata te na temelju postojećih društvenoznanstvenih rasprava, posebice novijih socioloških koncepata i istraživanja ...društvenih procesa koji uključuju migrante, nastoji ponuditi relevantniji okvir za angažman institucija Europske unije u tim procesima. Autori analiziraju dosadašnje kritike europske integracijske politike nastale u okvirima društvenih znanosti te upućuju na relevantnost suvremenih socioloških koncepata i istraživanja procesa integracije migranata za formuliranje pragmatičnog pristupa Europske unije migrantskoj integraciji. »Nadraznolikost« (»superdiversity«), segmentirana integracija i jačanje transnacionalnih veza migranata pokazuju da je pretpostavljeno holističko integriranje migrantskih populacija u koliziji s društvenom stvarnosti višedimenzionalne prilagodbe migrantskih i nemigrantskih populacija etničkim, demografskim, ekonomskim, kulturnim i drugim promjenama u urbanom kontekstu suvremenih europskih društava. Autori zaključuju da umjesto standardiziranja mjera integracije za nacije-države na nadnacionalnom nivou, Europska unija valja ponuditi bitno pragmatičniji pristup integraciji migranata utemeljen na relevantnim spoznajama društvenih znanosti, ali i konkretnim »terenskim iskustvima« istraživača, praktičara, migrantskih organizacija i lokalnih vlasti.
Cilj je rada utvrditi specifičnosti stvaranja redistributivnih javnih politika Theodorea Lowija, kako bi se doprinijelo uspoređivanju socijalnih politika s ostalim područjima javnih politika. Stoga ...se detaljno razmatraju četiri vrste javnih politika koje Lowi postavlja – distributivnih, regulativnih, redistributivnih i konstitutivnih politika – te kriteriji za njihovo razvrstavanje i obilježja svake pojedine vrste. Interpretacija kriterija i obilježja razvijena je usporedbom i sažimanjem izvorne i bogate sekundarne literature. Rad pokazuje kako redistributivne politike karakterizira uporaba javnih financija i javnih usluga u svrhe ostvarivanja javnih interesa, u elitističkoj ili korporativističkoj strukturi odnosa moći državnih i okrupnjenih nedržavnih aktera iz civilnog društva, vidljivima u ideološkim svrstavanjima i javnim debatama. Osnovni je nalaz da su redistributivne (socijalne) politike najsličnije konstitutivnim politikama, zatim distributivnima, a najmanje sličnosti imaju s regulativnim (ekonomskim) politikama.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Cilj je ovoga rada pripremiti osnove za utemeljenu procjenu transformacije suvremenog stvaranja javnih politika pod utjecajem aktualnih kriza na način da se detektiraju dimenzije u kojima se ...promijenio kontekst stvaranja javnih politika krajem 20. i početkom 21. stoljeća. Rad je zasnovan na pregledu literature iz politološke discipline javnih politika, ali i srodnih disciplina javne uprave i socijalnih djelatnosti koje svojim specifičnim konceptima također pokušavaju razaznati transformaciju suvremenih javnih politika. Prvo se pokušavaju grubo sistematizirati osnovni elementi promjena konteksta u sklopu društva, tržišta i države, a zatim se fokusira na istraživanje tipova države s obzirom na fukcije koje ona ispoljava kroz raznorodne javne politike; na vrste javnog upravljanja i višestruke oblike kroz koje ono danas djeluje; te na transformaciju socijalne države u smjeru kombiniranih socijalnih politika. Glavni je nalaz rada da nove funkcije, nove strukture, novi ciljevi, novi instrumenti i novi akteri koje se može pronaći u stvaranju javnih politika na prijelazu stoljeća ne istiskuju stare, već se na njih nadograđuju i talože kao dodatni slojevi. Takozvano slojevanje čini se ključnom značajkom suvremenog stvaranja javnih politika, iako se još ne može odrediti hoće li ono olakšati ili onemogućavati rješavanje aktualnih kriza, te stoga treba biti središnji fokus interdisciplinarnih istraživanja društvenih znanosti u nadolazećem razdoblju.
The aim of this paper is to set foundation for a grounded assessment of the transformation of contemporary policy-making under the influence of current crises by detecting the dimensions in which the context of policy-making has changed in the late 20th and early 21st century. The paper is based on a literature review from the political science policy studies, but also from related disciplines of public administration and social policy studies, which with their specific concepts likewise try to discern the transformation of contemporary policy-making. First, an attempt is made to roughly systematize the basic elements of contextual change within society, markets and the state; and then research focus is placed on the state types and its functions manifested through diverse public policies, the types of governance and the multiple variants through which it operates today, and the transformation of the welfare state towards the welfare mix. The main finding of the paper is that new functions, new structures, new goals, new instruments and new actors that were detected in policy-making at the turn of the century do not replace the old ones, but are added to them as additional layers. The so-called layering seems to be a key feature of the modern policy-making, although it cannot yet be determined whether it will facilitate or aggravate the overcoming of current crises.
Je li istina važna? Puljić, Tin
Anali Hrvatskog politološkog društva,
12/2022, Letnik:
19, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Paper
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Svrha je rada povezati konstruktivistički pristup javnim politikama s pojmovima znanja, moći i istine kod Michela Foucaulta te iz spomenute poveznice sintetizirati korisne uvide za istraživanje ...javnih politika. Najprije se razrađuju osobine konstruktivističkog pristupa, daje se osvrt na podjelu na "stroži" i "mekši" konstruktivizam te se nude odgovori na određene kritike konstruktivizma. Potom se podrobno razrađuje pojam istine kod Foucaulta kao i ostali važni pojmovi u Foucaultovu pojmovnom aparatu poput znanja, moći i diskursa, te se naposljetku iznosi poveznica između Foucaultova rada i konstruktivizma. Pitanje koje nadsvođuje rad jest pitanje mogućnosti utvrđivanja objektivne istine u području društvenih znanosti te relevantnosti objektivne istine za javne politike i polje političkoga općenito.
The goal of this paper is to bring together the constructivist approach to public policy and Michel Foucault's concepts of knowledge, power, and truth, and to synthetize useful insights for public policy research from that connection. First, the characteristics of the constructivist approach are elaborated, and commentary is provided on the distinction between "rigid" and "soft" constructivism, and the answers to certain criticisms of constructivism are provided. Then, Foucault's concept of truth is elaborated in detail, as well as other important concepts in Foucault's conceptual apparatus such as knowledge, power and discourse. Finally, the connection between Foucault's work and constructivism is presented. The overarching question of the paper is the question of the possibility of establishing objective truth in the area of social sciences, and the relevance of objective truth for public policy and the political field in general.
The problem of a healthcare workforce shortage is present on a global scale, as evidenced by the World Health Organization's estimate that by 2035, there will be a global deficit of 12.9 million ...healthcare workers (Campbell et al., 2013). Previous research indicates that the emigration of highly qualified professionals is relatively under-researched within the Croatian scientific community. Some studies have focused on surveys among student populations and their inclinations towards emigration as a form of potential emigration (Golub, 2003; Šverko, 2005; Mlikota and Prelas Kovačević, 2013; Bojanić, Bojanić and Likić, 2015; Mrkonjić et al., 2019; Troskot, Prsaklo and Šimić Banović, 2019; Šlibar, Oreški and Klačmer Čalopa, 2023). According to existing research, the most common reasons contributing to the inclination to-wards migration among healthcare workers in Croatia include issues in the organisation of the healthcare system and working conditions, low financial compensation, issues in the education and specialisation process, nepotism and political favouritism in the healthcare system, as well as the general political climate in society. This study is part of the first author's research for her doctoral dissertation on the topic “Key Factors in the Emigration of Healthcare Workers from the Republic of Croatia.” The general aim of this research was to map the relevant reasons for the emigration of healthcare workers from Croatia from their perspective and based on their statements, and to identify the key reasons for emigration, i.e., those that prevail in the decision-making process regarding emigration. The research questions were defined as follows: What are all the factors that influenced the decision of emigrated physicians to leave Croatia? Which of these factors are more important than others, i.e., prevail in decision-making? How can we explain the differences in the importance of these factors? The research was conducted using qualitative methodology as the optimal framework considering the research topic. The study included 45 healthcare workers, both emigrated and non-emigrated. We interviewed members of the two largest groups of healthcare workers, nurses/medical technicians and physicians, but in this paper, we present preliminary results obtained from one of the researched subsamples: emigrated physicians. Some of the results presented here were obtained from research on a sample from the population of physicians who emigrated from Croatia, constituting a subsample of the total sample of emigrated healthcare workers, with a total of 18 interviews conducted (13 women, and 5 men). The research was initiated in September 2021 and completed in February 2023, with all interviews conducted online due to the pandemic context. Regarding the method of data analysis and processing, we opted for a thematic analysis approach, specifically a variant of thematic analysis developed by King (2004), called pattern analysis. We argue that this approach is particularly suitable for studies aimed at comparing different perspectives of actors in a phenomenon within a specific context. Through the process of inductive and deductive thematic analysis and in accordance with the initial theoretical-conceptual framework of this research, we established three main themes that describe and encompass important groups of reasons for the emigration of physicians from Croatia: 1. Professional aspirations of physicians. This type of motivation represents a key or significant reason for the decision to emigrate, or it is indirectly related to that decision. It may involve a desire for training that is not offered in Croatia at all, or if it is, the quality of education is perceived as inadequate, i.e., some physicians strive for higher-quality education. Physicians who want to educate themselves and/or specialise in narrowly specialised areas can only acquire their knowledge in countries with larger healthcare systems. Furthermore, reasons related to the possibility of obtaining the desired specialisation are mentioned, as well as the perception of fairness in the competition process, i.e., the perception of corruption and nepotism in these processes. 2. Organisational context of the Croatian healthcare system. This theme is crucial when discussing the reasons for the emigration of physicians from Croatia. Emigrated physicians uniformly express a high degree of dissatisfaction with various aspects of working in the Croatian public healthcare system, and in the vast majority of cases, they cite this as the key reason for deciding to emigrate. These aspects include interpersonal relationships (along with the theme of mobbing), overtime work and excessive workloads, high levels of politicisation of the profession (including the themes of corruption and nepotism in the healthcare system), and management of the healthcare system (at both higher and lower levels) along with the related theme of the system’s structure and organisation. 3. General/broader social context. The theme of quality of life did not emerge as one of the decisive reasons for emigration, but the theme of the broader social context, i.e., the perception of the general socio-political atmosphere in Croatia, appeared important for some physicians, and for a smaller number, as one of the decisive reasons for emigration. We believe this broader context is associated by interlocutors with the context of working in the healthcare system. The politicisation of the profession/ system and the phenomenon of corruption and nepotism in the system are recognised as part of the broader socio-political context in which corruption and nepotism are important features of the general socio-political climate. We contend that, for a small portion of interviewed physicians, the inability to realise their professional aspirations in Croatia is an important push factor for emigration. However, we believe that our research provides grounds to conclude that this concerns a very small number of physicians, and that the phenomenon of emigration would not represent any burden to the healthcare system if other important push factors were not present. The organisational context of the public healthcare system, i.e., various aspects of the experience of working in that system, takes precedence in our analysis in terms of key push factors for emigration. In this group of reasons, there is no simple answer, as the aspects of this issue are multiple and intertwined. A large portion of emigrated physicians speak of poor interpersonal relationships as one of the most important reasons for emigration. This theme is often associated in their statements with the theme of excessive politicisation of the profession, forming opposing groups (“us/our” and “them/theirs”), which directly harms cooperation. In the context of the theme of interpersonal relationships, we notice that there are two types of mobbing, individual cases of abuse of power, and systemic mobbing, where the system accepts and legitimises it to some extent since there are no sanctions for instances of abuse. We recognise the second type mostly in relation to younger physicians, especially specialists, in the undermining of work standards and norms manifested in the frequency of overtime work, overloading with work tasks, and problems in interpersonal relationships and in managing work organisation. We also observed a specific type of systemic mobbing characterised by gender-discriminatory abusive behaviour and the use of positions of power within the system for inappropriate and disturbing practices by superiors towards staff. The overall picture we describe points to an organisational climate that tolerates, or even encourages, but most importantly conceals problems in its functioning. These issues are addressed inadequately or not at all, and there are no adequate mechanisms for sanctioning (or they exist but are not applied, and when they are, they often have little real effect for the victim). Other possible factors contributing to emigration were mentioned, such as individual and family reasons that facilitate decision-making about migration and most often increase the likelihood of emigration. In addition, factors include active recruitment by foreign agencies, changes in regulatory frameworks that facilitate mobility, recognition and evaluation of qualifications, perception of favourable conditions for immigration and integration at the destination, better opportunities for the education of children, desire for change and openness to new experiences, among others. The limitations of this research relate to the predominant focus on the physicians’ reminiscences of reasons for emigration, which may sometimes be post-hoc rationalisations of their decisions. Another limitation concerns the method of conducting interviews, which, although initially planned to be face-to-face, were ultimately conducted remotely and virtually due to the circumstances of the global COVID-19 pandemic. From the presented results, we can conclude that the emigration of physicians from Croatia is shaped by numerous interconnected factors. Without investment in education and training, and the retention of the medical workforce, there is a risk of potential degradation in treatment standards due to a shortage of necessary professionals. Therefore, research on the emigration of physicians is relevant for various national stakeholders involved in the creation and implementation of public policies, especially healthcare, migration, and educational policies related to healthcare worker education and specialisation, among others.