Port City Atlas Hein, Carola; van Mil, Yvonne; Ažman Momirski, Lucija
2023
eBook
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> The Atlas was created within the LDE PortCityFutures research group and the Faculty of Architecture TU Delft. It is part of the series on the Urbanization of the Sea, and the kick-off of a ...sub-series on Mapping Port Cities > An analytical study on the complexity of port cities in Europe A multitude of port cities dots Europe’s coastline, all serving the purpose of facilitating maritime transportation. Over millennia, public and private leaders have built harbours, urban spaces and infrastructures in diverse territories to serve hinterlands, including landlocked capital cities and metropolitan areas. As nodes on the edge of water and land, port city territories embody knowledge on maritime flows and water conditions. At a time of climate change, they can be paradigms and stewards of sustainable development. Taking a comprehensive, mapping based approach, Port City Atlas visualizes 100 port city territories located on four seas and connected through shared waters. It provides a foundation for comparative analysis beyond case study approaches that are often locked into national contexts, select languages or disciplinary approaches. Conceived as a work of reference, the book makes the case for a sea-based approach to the understanding and design of Europe.
Ports are an essential impetus for the development of cities, and cities provide important resources and infrastructure for ports. As a significant factor to enhance the competitiveness of port ...cities, the sustainable ability affects the development characteristics of cities. How to evaluate the sustainability has become the priority of port cities development. However, existing researches mainly focus on ports or cities separately, instead of combining the two. Therefore, we first establish a two-stage interaction model to associate port and city. Then we propose a new index system, covering the economic, environmental, and social indicators. Based on the evaluation framework, we adopt the directional distance function based on the slack-based measure model (SBM-DDF) and the coupling coordination degree (CCD) to measure the sustainability of port cities from the perspective of external influence and internal interaction. We select nine port cities in China as research objects. The results display their relative differences in sustainability. Hong Kong performs the best, while Xiamen performs the worst. According to the experience of Hong Kong, this paper puts forward corresponding improvement measures aiming at the disadvantage of port cities in order to achieve better sustainable development.
Evaluation framework of sustainable development of port cities. Display omitted
•Two-stage interactive process of port city based on TBL is proposed.•A novel evaluating framework of sustainable development for port cities is proposed.•The concept of internal and external sustainability is introduced.•Sustainability Suggestions for port city from different perspectives are given.
Land in Limbo Paolo De Martino
A+BE (Delft.),
05/2021, Letnik:
11, Številka:
9
Journal Article
Recenzirano
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Numerous actors have been involved in the planning of the port and city of Naples. National and local authorities—namely central government, the Region, the Municipality of Naples, and the Port ...Authority—act upon the port at different scales, according to diverging interest and by using different planning tools. Each entity has different spatial claims and contrastive views on what port city integration can be. Their diverse goals have led port and city to develop into separate entities, from a spatial, cultural, economic as well as administrative perspective. The different scopes of their planning are particularly visible in the areas at the intersection of land and water, where the relationship is characterized by waiting conditions across different dimensions and scales. The separation between port and city in Naples originates from history. This PhD thesis looks at the past as a resource, sometimes as a problem in the way it produces inertia, but certainly as a heritage made of signs, traces, and cultures, written and rewritten on the urban palimpsest. Using and challenging the concept of path dependence—defined here as a resistance by institutions and people to change patterns of behavior and to repeat previous decisions and experiences—this PhD thesis argues that in order to overcome inertia, it is important to recognize the interests and spatial claims of all the stakeholders involved port city planning and to identify shared goals and values as a foundation for future design.
► European port–city interfaces are considered strategic sites for both ports and cities. ► Laws and regulations tend to obstruct sustainable port–city relations and projects. ► Orientations on ...continuing seaport migration away from urban core common but obsolete. ► Resistance to institutionalized governance process only apparent in Rotterdam case.
Sustainability agendas are challenging port authorities around the world to find ways to use port assets more efficiently and productively in economic, social, as well as environmental terms. To this end, one of the most strategic port assets is the port–city interface – waterfront zones in which the geography of the port and its city meet each other. In this paper, we explore the relationship between the institutions and governance processes behind spatial projects currently taking place in the interface of four European port cities: Marseille, Barcelona, Hamburg, and Rotterdam. Results show that laws and regulations dominate the spatial outcomes of governance processes between city and port, and that these tend to frustrate experimental efforts towards truly sustainable results. In addition, development orientations that foresee an on-going port migration process away from the urban core are still common among urban planning and policy makers, which impedes on the joint governance processes needed for building renewed, sustainable port–city relations and spatial projects. Contours of such a joint governance process have only been found in the Rotterdam case.
We propose a model predictive control (MPC) scheme for the real-time optimization of interactions between logistic traffic and urban mobility, in contexts where a port is located within a city ...center. The aim is to mitigate negative phenomena related to traffic sharing the same urban space, through the efficient operation of existing infrastructure at a tactical/operational level. To this purpose, we first define an integrated model of the port/city interactions, focusing on the import and export chains in proximity of the port where trucks and general mobility vehicles interact. Then, we implement an MPC approach in order to optimize an objective function reflecting the interests of the different involved stakeholders. An important feature of the presented model is that it allows the analysis of different levels of cooperation between the city and the port, highlighting possible advantages of increased coordination at the operational level. To evaluate the effect of the proposed control scheme, we present a case study based on the port of Genova in north-west Italy.
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•Meteorology, ship positioning and engine type influence the port role on nearby city air quality.•The port activities contribute 33% of NO2 43% of PM10 and 60% of SO2 causing no ...exceedance of the AQ limits•Low Sulphur fuels do not prevent release of pollutants as ultra-fine particles, and black carbon.•High loads of black carbon and ultrafine particles coexist with admitted loads of NO2, SO2, and PM.
Current shipping activities employ about 3% of the world-delivered energy. Most of this energy is conveyed by diesel engines. In Europe, release of NOx and particulate matter (PM) from shipping is expected to equal the road-transport one by the year 2020. This paper addresses a typical central Mediterranean city-port condition to evaluate the relative contribution of shipping activities to the local air quality. A 3-year long air quality dataset collected at the boundary between the port of Civitavecchia (the major port in central Italy) and the city itself was analyzed to evaluate the long-term, relative contribution of the port and of the city at determining the loads of EU-regulated pollutants (NO2, PM10 and SO2). In addition, black carbon and ultrafine-to-coarse particles data collected along a short-term, intensive campaign were used to assess the port’s role at emitting these unregulated pollutants. Cross-analysis of the measurements, allowed to assess which shipping-related activities and port’s sectors represent the principal emitters. At the city-port boundary, the annual share of regulated pollutants originating in the port area by shipping and ground movements is of 33% for PM10, 43% for NO2, and 60% for SO2. Analysis of non-regulated pollutants shows the in-port, high polluting potential of some ship categories, in particular those employing low-sulfur but poorly refined oils. These conditions appear to be more often associated with Ro-Ro passenger ships. Piers closest to the Civitavecchia urban settlements are also observed to host the largest emissions. Meteorology and location of the piers with respect to residential areas are confirmed to govern the port’s share at impacting the city air quality. Even though air quality thresholds for regulated pollutants are not exceeded in Civitavecchia, constant consideration of an enlarged set of environmental variables should drive actions implemented to mitigate the port’s impact onto the nearby city’s air quality.
Historically, ports have been an important location factor for cities, enabling international trade and investment and facilitating urbanization processes. However, the traditionally strong ...relationship between ports and port cities has gradually weakened due to the emerging negative externalities of ports. Therefore, port-city municipalities need to better understand the relationship between port activities, urban competitiveness, and the attraction of investment. This paper uses the Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) and related regression models to test this relationship as well as identify the determinants of urban competitiveness. The results show that despite the positive relationship between port and urban networks, port cities currently exhibit no significant advantages over non-port cities in attracting Foreign Direct Investment (FDI); in addition, port-city competitiveness depends more on urban characteristics than on port factors. Based on these results, we propose various strategies for port-city developments.
•The cohesion between port activities, urban competitiveness, and the attraction of FDI is explored.•A positive correlation between maritime and urban FDI networks is identified.•The weaknesses of port cities in attracting investment, compared with non-port cities, are investigated.•The implication of better integrating into the global trade and urban networks of port cities is presented.
Despite the focus of specialized transportation studies on port-city relations from the early days of the container revolution in the mid-twentieth century in developed countries, only a few studies ...have been carried out on such relations in West Asia. While considering the historically conflicting context, Bandar-Abbas demonstrates a unique and distinctive example of port-city relations. Moreover, despite the historical studies of port-city relations in the literature, qualitative methodologies have not been properly introduced in the relevant field. Therefore, the present study aims to identify and study the development stages of port-city relations, coexistence, or historical separation of these two phenomena. In addition to comprehending the historical dynamics of port-city relations in Bandar Abbas County and its affecting factors, it also intends to understand how the port-city has functioned in the national-spatial structure since its establishment. To this end, it investigates historical documents to understand this phenomenon based on the fundamental changes in Iran and the region, and thereby the conversion of the port-city function and its relations since the beginning of the sixteenth century by focusing on thematic analysis, utilizing the historical-comparative approach and Atlas.ti software. The results confirm the coexistence of the city and the port during their development in four historical periods. While in the final stage and after containerization, city and port functions are separated by moving toward specialization. Also, the results demonstrate that the role of Bandar-Abbas County in the national-spatial structure has been dependent on port-city relations.
In recent years, the EU has sought to define sustainable transition pathways towards more equitable, prosperous, and inclusive urban and territorial models, capable of responding to the rapid ...degradation of ecosystems, and improving quality of life of citizens. In this context, ports have been recognised as key strategic hubs not only for economic and logistical competitiveness, but also to generate employment and investment opportunities, and to address the challenges of the climate change. The research presents a multi-scale, multi-dimensional and multi- group methodological framework to support decision-making processes related to the development of sustainable transformations of port cities, capturing the complexity of interactions and conflicts. Integrating Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) approaches and Problem Structuring Methods (PSM), the proposed methodology aims to address the following gaps identified in the literature: (i) a scattered application of multi-group methods; (ii) the lack of social instances within the decision problem; (iii) a weak sustainability perspective; (iv) the use of one-dimensional scale assessment in sectoral studies. The case study of the city-port of Gela in Sicily (Italy) provided an opportunity to test the proposed methodology and to integrate multi-dimensional sustainability issues into feasibility studies, promoting a more balanced relationship between city and port. The interdependencies between environment, society and economy allowed MCDA to be identified as a suitable approach to address complex decision-making and support the sustainability assessment of port areas transformation. Two multi-criteria and multi-group evaluation methods guided the decision-making process to select a portfolio of preferred alternatives by assessing technical, environmental, and economic impacts and analysing stakeholder conflicts and coalitions. The process was carried out as follows: on the one hand, a multidimensional impact matrix integrating Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) divided into technical, financial-economic, and environmental categories through the application of the multi-criteria method EVAMIX; on the other hand, a social assessment with a dendrogram of coalitions derived from the application of the multi-group method NAIADE by modelling stakeholders’ preferences regarding a portfolio of alternatives related to the decision problem. Negli ultimi anni, l’UE ha cercato di definire processi di transizione sostenibili verso modelli urbani e territoriali più equi, prosperi e inclusivi, in grado di rispondere al rapido degrado degli ecosistemi e di migliorare la qualità della vita dei cittadini. In questo contesto, i porti sono stati riconosciuti come centri strategici fondamentali non solo per la competitività economica e logistica, ma anche per generare opportunità di occupazione e investimento e per affrontare le sfide del cambiamento climatico. La ricerca presenta un quadro metodologico multi-scalare, multi-dimensionale e multi-gruppo per supportare i processi decisionali relativi allo sviluppo di trasformazioni sostenibili delle città portuali, cogliendo la complessità delle interazioni e dei conflitti. Integrando approcci di analisi decisionale multi-criteri (MCDA) e metodi di strutturazione dei problemi (PSM), la metodologia proposta mira a colmare i seguenti gap identificati in letteratura: (i) un’applicazione limitata dei metodi multi-gruppo; (ii) la scarsa considerazione delle istanze sociali all’interno dei problemi decisionali; (iii) una prospettiva di sostenibilità debole; (iv) l’uso di una valutazione su scala monodimensionale negli studi settoriali. Il caso di studio della città-porto di Gela in Sicilia (Italia) ha fornito l’opportunità di testare la metodologia proposta e di integrare le questioni di sostenibilità multidimensionale negli studi di fattibilità, promuovendo un rapporto più equilibrato tra città e porto. La necessità di considerare le interdipendenze tra ambiente, società ed economia ha motivato la scelta di usare l’MCDA come un approccio adatto ad affrontare un processo decisionale complesso e a supportare la valutazione della sostenibilità della trasformazione di un’area portuale. Due metodi di valutazione multicriteriali e multigruppo hanno guidato il processo decisionale per selezionare un portafoglio di alternative preferite, valutando gli impatti tecnici, ambientali ed economici e analizzando i conflitti e le coalizioni tra gli stakeholder. Il processo è stato condotto come segue: da un lato, una matrice di impatto multidimensionale che integra gli indicatori di performance chiave (KPI) suddivisi in categorie tecniche, economico-finanziarie e ambientali attraverso l’applicazione del metodo multicriteriale EVAMIX; dall’altro, una valutazione sociale con un dendrogramma di coalizioni derivato dall’applicazione del metodo multigruppo NA- IADE, utilizzato per modellare le preferenze degli stakeholder rispetto a un portafoglio di alternative progettuali.
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