This paper reports the development of a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration procedure for the determination of sodium and potassium content in cured ham samples. Sliced samples of hams ...treated with different salts in different percentages were included in the study. Calibration models developed using partial least squares regression were cross-validated and predictive models were tested using the samples of cured ham with low sodium content. The results showed that the developed NIRS procedure is capable of directly measuring the potassium content of packaged dry-cured ham slices with low sodium content with a fitting accuracy of 91.44%, and that it can indirectly determine the sodium content by applying a correction factor to the values obtained for potassium. The prediction error between the calculated and actual sodium values determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES) was 0.004%, and this confirms that the NIRS procedure is a viable option for the determination of sodium and potassium content in this type of sample.
Nutrient management is a key component of best agronomic practices for optimal crop production. The continuous use of high yielding genotypes and exhaustive cropping systems has resulted in potassium ...deficiency. Furthermore, the imbalanced use of nutrients, particularly potassium (K), has resulted in persistent depletion from agricultural soils. To address this issue, a field experiment was conducted to determine the influence of different potassium levels under a split application on yield and yield attributes of wheat crops. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design replicated four times. Five K levels (0, 60, 80, 100 and 120 kg ha
) and different K application timings (whole dose (Basal) at sowing, equal doses at sowing+ 30 DAS, half dose at sowing+ equal doses at 30 +60 DAS and equal doses at sowing+30+60+ 90 DAS). The findings of the study revealed that potassium levels and their application times substantially influenced yield and yield components of wheat. The application of K at 120 kg ha
delayed anthesis and maturity and enhanced chlorophyll content (53), tillers m
(293.4 m
) and increased plant height (97.1cm). The application of K 80 kg ha
significantly increased grain protein, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content which resulted in a higher (4227 kg ha
) grain yield. In the case of K timings application, the higher grain yield (3758 kg ha
) was achieved when K was applied one time at sowing time. It is concluded that K at the rate of 80 kg ha
should be applied in full at sowing for achieving higher wheat production.
Round-Bohai Bay (RBB)-Region is an important crop production area in China, where vegetables are mainly produced in solar greenhouses. However, excessive fertilization and monoculture have caused ...serious deterioration of soil quality in this region. Soil microbial communities play pivotal roles in many ecosystem processes and are recognized as integrative components of soil quality. Therefore, in this study, we investigated bacterial and fungal diversity in solar greenhouse soils covering a wide range of cultivation year (CY) and sampling site (SS), by using pyrosequencing technology. Surprisingly, CY and SS had little influence on bacterial and fungal relative abundance and diversity. However, environmental factors (EF) and soil available potassium (K) in particular made a significant contribution to the variation of soil bacterial and fungal communities. Specifically, K showed significant (
P
< 0.05) correlations with dominant bacterial phyla
Bacteroidetes
,
Acidobacteria
,
Chloroflexi
, and
Planctomycetes
and fungal phyla
Ascomycota
and
Basidiomycota
. These results suggested that soil EF appeared more important than CY and SS in shaping the compositions of bacterial and fungal communities. In addition, since fertilizer K has been in the long-term abused in RBB-Region, future vegetable production should pay more attention to K input to reduce the negative effect on soil microbial communities.
To assess the risk of transfer of radiocesium from soil to brown rice on the soil with low exchangeable potassium (ExK2O) content, seedlings of rice cultivar "Tennotsubu" were transplanted to 500 cm2 ...Wagner pots filled with paddy soil collected from 21 sites in Fukushima prefecture, and grown to maturity without potassium fertilizer in 2015. ExK2O content of soil before and after cultivation, and radiocesium (137Cs) concentration of rough brown rice, straw and pot soil were measured to examine the effects of ExK2O content of soil on the transfer of radiocesium from soil to rough brown rice. ExK2O content of soil varied significantly with the site, and the contents at 12 sites were lower than 5 mg 100 g–1. The concentration of 137Cs in rough brown rice varied significantly with the site, in the range of 2.8 to 68.3 Bq kg–1. Transfer factors of 137Cs from soil to rough brown rice (ratio of 137Cs concentration in rough brown rice to that in the soil), obtained from this pot experiment, was markedly higher than those obtained in the field cultivation, because of the lower ExK2O content of soil in the pot. Moreover, the lower the ExK2O content of soil, the higher the ratio of 137Cs concentration in rough brown rice to that in straw, suggesting that 137Cs translocation to brown rice is enhanced by the decrease of potassium concentration in the rice shoot.
This open access book highlights concepts discussed at two international conferences that brought together world-renowned scientists to advance the science of potassium (K) recommendations for crops. ...There was general agreement that the potassium recommendations currently in general use are oversimplified, outdated, and jeopardize soil, plant, and human health. Accordingly, this book puts forward a significantly expanded K cycle that more accurately depicts K inputs, losses and transformations in soils. This new cycle serves as both the conceptual basis for the scientific discussions in this book and a framework upon which to build future improvements. Previously used approaches are critically reviewed and assessed, not only for their relevance to future enhancements, but also for their use as metrics of sustainability. An initial effort is made to link K nutrition in crops and K nutrition in humans. The book offers an invaluable asset for graduate students, educators, industry scientists, data scientists, and advanced agronomists.
The potassium (K) in top dressing fertilization is used for beetroot production in Brazil. However, most of K studies are made with fertilization before planting, and it is not known the real need of ...this K top dressing after fertilization with K and organic matter before planting. So this work aimed to evaluate the production and quality of beetroot under different rates of organic compost at planting and K top dressing fertilization. The experiment was carried out in Sao Manuel-SP, Brazil, with ten treatments (5 x 2 factorial scheme), in a randomized blocks experimental design, with four replications. Five rates (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 t ha-1) of organic compost applied at planting, in the presence (60 kg ha-1 of K2O) or absence of K top dressing fertilization were evaluated. The traits related to production evaluated were: average weight, diameter and length of roots, yield and K content in shoot and root. For the physicochemical quality of roots, pH, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, index ratio, texture, reducing, non-reducing and total sugar were evaluated. The K top dressing fertilization did not affect the production traits; however, it increases the contents of K in shoot and root and the contents of non-reducing and total sugars. The rates of the compost do not affect the quality traits, but the rate of 49 t ha-1 resulted in the maximum root yield estimated in 43 t ha-1 of roots.
This research aimed to study interannual and seasonal dynamics of different potassium compounds in orchard soil and the potassium status of sour cherry trees affected by the application of nitrogen ...and potash fertilizers. Afield experiment was started in 2017 at an orchard located in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Russian upland. Urea and potassium sulfate were applied to the soil once a year in early spring with rates from N30K40 to N120K160 kg/ha. The content of exchangeable and water-soluble potassium compounds was determined in soil samples five times throughout the growing season from May to September 2018–2020. The content of non-exchangeable potassium was determined twice, in 2017 and 2020. The interannual and seasonal dynamics of plant-available potash in unfertilized soil depended on the weather patterns and the uptake of potassium by trees. In the unfertilized plots, the first signs of potassium nutrition insufficiency appeared, such as low leaf and fruit potassium status and a decrease in the non-exchangeable potassium reserves in the20–40 cm soil layer. The annual fertilization led to the gradual accumulation of exchangeable potassium in the root zone. The accumulation was accelerated with increasing rates. When the exchangeable potassium level in the topsoil reached 200 mg/kg, the intensification of both the seasonal fluctuations in potash content and the potash leaching into the depths of the soil occurred in all treatments. In the conditions of our experiment, one-time treatments with superfluous potassium rates (over 80 kg/ha) did not provide an enlarged stock of plant-available potash in the soil but caused unreasonable losses of it due to leaching. An increase in fertilizer rates was not essential for normal metabolic processes and did not manifest itself as an increase in potassium content in leaves and fruits or as an increase in yield.
This study aims to investigate changes in sunflower seed (cv. BRS 122) physiology, health, structural quality, and oil quantity and distribution, under storage at different temperatures and packaging ...conditions. Germination, seedling emergence, accelerated aging, electrical conductivity, potassium leaching, and seed health tests were performed before storage and at 4, 8, and 12 months of storage. In addition, the water content, oil content, and enzymatic activities were determined. The seed response to storage varied with time, packaging material, and temperature. The physiological quality of the sunflower seeds was best preserved at 10 degrees C in Kraft paper bags packaging material. Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. occurred regardless of storage conditions. In addition, the seed oil concentrations decreased with time regardless of storage conditions. However, the fatty acid profile remained the same. At four months, the superoxide dismutase, catalase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and malate dismutase activities decreased regardless of storage conditions. This decrease was more obvious in the vacuum-sealed seeds. In addition, the cellular components of the sunflower seeds deteriorated during the storage period.
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