Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the application effects of in-vial exhaust method and conventional exhaust method in the process of coronavirus disease 2019 vaccine injection. ...Materials and Methods: Using convenient sampling method, 102 vaccines were selected as experiment group during the process of vaccine injection, and the in-vial exhaust method was used. One hundred and five vaccines were selected as the control group and the conventional exhaust method was adopted. The incidence of vaccine solution spillage and exhausting time in the two groups during exhaust were observed. Results: The incidence of solution spillage in the experiment group was lower than that in the control group (0 vs. 6.67%, P < 0.05). The exhausting time of the experiment group was shorter than that of the control group (15.12 ± 4.43 s vs. 22.74 ± 6.53 s, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Implementing the in-vial exhaust method in the vaccine injection can effectively reduce the incidence of solution spillage, reduce nucleic acid contamination, and ensure that the vaccine is injected at the prescribed dose. Moreover, the operation is simple and easy, which improves the nurse's vaccination efficiency, and has a higher promotion and application value.
Vaccination programmes are of vital importance to public health and are present in virtually every country in the world. By promoting an understanding of the diverse effects of vaccination ...programmes, this textbook discusses how epidemiologic methods can be used to study, in real life, their impacts, benefits and risks. Written by expert practitioners in an accessible and concise style, this book is interspersed with practical examples which allow readers to acquire understanding through real-life data and problems. Part I provides an overview of basic concepts in vaccinology, immunology, vaccination programmes, infectious disease transmission dynamics, the various impacts of vaccination programmes and their societal context. Part II covers the main field tools used for the epidemiological evaluation of vaccination programmes: monitoring coverage and attitudes towards vaccination, surveillance of vaccine-preventable diseases and pathogens, seroepidemiological studies, methods to assess impact and outbreak investigation. Part III is dedicated to vaccine effectiveness and its assessment. Part IV includes an overview of the potential risks of vaccination and how to study these. Lastly, Part V deals with methods for an integrated assessment of benefits and risks of vaccination programmes. Suitable for professionals working in public health, epidemiology, biology and those working in health economics and vaccine development, Vaccination Programmes also serves as a textbook for postgraduate students in public health, epidemiology and infectious diseases. The book is aimed at all those involved in the many aspects of vaccination programmes, including public health professionals and epidemiologists. Its primary target audiences are master and doctoral students in infectious disease epidemiology and public health, post-doctoral participants of field epidemiology training programmes and public health professionals working in the post-implementation epidemiological evaluation of vaccines and vaccination programmes.
Ciljana zaščita z imunoglobulinom anti-D je program, ki na podlagi presejalnega testa omogoča neinvazivno določitev plodovega genotipa RHD iz periferne krvi RhD-negativne nosečnice. Pred uvedbo ...določanja predvidenega fenotipa RhD so vse RhD-negativne nosečnice prejele zaščito z imunoglobulinom anti-D v 28.–30. tednu nosečnosti. V Evropi 40 % RhD-negativnih nosečnic nosi RhD-negativen plod in zaščite ne potrebuje, saj med materjo in plodom ni RhD-neskladnosti in zato ni nevarnosti senzibilizacije na antigen RhD. Z uvedbo tega testa pa nosečnice zaščito z imunoglobulinom anti-D prejmejo ciljano glede na predvideni plodov fenotip RhD. Z uvedbo nacionalnega programa je Slovenija postala ena redkih držav v svetovnem merilu, ki izvaja ciljano zaščito z imunoglobulinom anti-D.
This article analyses the consequences that disinformation phenomena have for a model of communication, focusing on the dangers that disinformation poses to democratic societies, especially when it ...is disseminated by the media. Disinformation is examined here from the perspective of social cognitive psychology, with special attention to the role played by motivated reasoning and confirmation bias in human cognition. From this perspective, disinformation phenomena should be studied not only through an analysis of how the media operate, but also through an understanding of how we process information and what we use it for from a social cognitive point of view. This article emphasizes the role that intuition and affective persuasion play in communication processes, as key elements of motivated reasoning, and argues that once this cognitive dimension is integrated into communication theory, preventive strategies can be designed to protect democracies from the dangers caused by disinformation. Ideological polarization and a lack of consensus are highlighted here as being among the biggest dangers, preventing agreement on issues that affect the proper functioning of democracy. While a certain conception of communication posits reasoning, the media and education as the tools for resolving conflicts and preventing disagreements, this article concludes that the success of disinformation phenomena points to the need for a model that includes the cognitive elements mentioned above.
People from around the world reflect on the COVID-19 pandemic and vaccine through poetry When so much in our lives ground to a halt in the spring of 2020, no one knew how long the COVID-19 pandemic ...would last. After long months of shutdowns, social distancing, and worry, the first coronavirus vaccines were released in December 2020. In March 2021, the Wick Poetry Center at Kent State University and the University of Arizona Poetry Center launched the website for the Global Vaccine Poem project, inviting anyone to share experiences of the pandemic and vaccination through poetry. Dear Vaccine features selections from over 2, 000 poetry submissions to the project, which come from all 50 states and 118 different countries. Internationally acclaimed author Naomi Shihab Nye, in her introduction, highlights the human dimensions found across the responses. Richard Carmona, the 17th Surgeon General of the United States, provides a foreword that contextualizes the global scope of the problem, as well as the political and public health dimensions. Making use of poetry's powerful tools to connect us across division, Dear Vaccine reminds us that medical advances alone are not enough to solve the vexing challenges of the pandemic; the arts—and poetry—have a profound and critical role to play.
Vaccine- and vaccination-related crises require a communication response that is different from the communication strategies used to promote the benefits and importance of vaccines in general. This ...document presents the technical guidance needed to develop a communication plan that is appropriate for managing crises related to vaccine safety. This guidance will be useful for managers in the areas of immunization and vaccine and vaccination safety. They will also help preparedness and response teams working in safety crises to optimize their communication plans in order to regain, maintain, or strengthen trust in vaccines, vaccination, and immunization programs in general. Each chapter presents a phase (preparation, implementation, and evaluation) with suggested actions and support tools to prepare, implement, and evaluate a communication response in a crisis situation. Also, some sections can also be used to strengthen routine national communication activities such as interaction with media, message generation, spokespeople preparation among others. The current document complements the Manual for the surveillance of events supposedly attributable to vaccination or immunization (ESAVI) in the Region of the Americas. This document is published within the framework of a joint project that aims to promote communication-related to safe vaccination in the Region of the Americas and support health authorities that need to develop a communication plan to manage crises related to vaccine safety. Some of the sections in this publication are based on the guidance documents available in the WHO Regional Office for Europe's virtual library and can be consulted on their website.
This handy visual aid guides clinicians in discussions with patients and parents about the importance of vaccines, the diseases they help prevent and the various vaccines recommended. The chart ...includes infographics and clinical images to help illustrate why vaccines remain important in preventing diseases.
This open access book discusses individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to vaccination from the perspective of philosophy and public health ethics. It addresses the ...issue of what it means for a collective to be morally responsible for the realisation of herd immunity and what the implications of collective responsibility are for individual and institutional responsibilities. The first chapter introduces some key concepts in the vaccination debate, such as ‘herd immunity’, ‘public goods’, and ‘vaccine refusal’; and explains why failure to vaccinate raises certain ethical issues. The second chapter analyses, from a philosophical perspective, the relationship between individual, collective, and institutional responsibilities with regard to the realisation of herd immunity. The third chapter is about the principle of least restrictive alternative in public health ethics and its implications for vaccination policies. Finally, the fourth chapter presents an ethical argument for unqualified compulsory vaccination, i.e. for compulsory vaccination that does not allow for any conscientious objection. The book would appeal both philosophers interested in public health ethics and the general public interested in the philosophical underpinning of different arguments about our moral obligations with regard to vaccination.
This study reports the methodology and findings of a randomized controlled vaccine trial conducted in Senegal in 1987-1990. Two high-titer measles vaccines of different strains (Edmonston-Zagreb and ...Schwarz) were compared with a standard vaccine (the Schwarz strain) among infants aged 5 to 10 months. Comparison focused on clinical efficacy, immunogenicity and safety. Although both high-titer vaccines induced an immunogenic response even when given at the age of 5 months, they induced a lower level of antibodies, had more vaccine failures, and were not safe, inducing an excess mortality within two years after vaccination. Scientific, ethical and political issues linked with such negative findings are discussed in this book.
