There have been projects to promote group exercise activities (circles) in Japan conducted by volunteers. Since 2009, we have been implementing several projects to promote such circles in Kasama ...City, Ibaraki, as well. The PAIREM model, a tool for evaluation of such projects, comprehensively evaluates the project using six dimensions (Plan, Adoption, Implementation, Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, and Maintenance). This study used the PAIREM model for evaluation of a project promoting circles in Kasama City. The purpose of this study was to investigate the merits and demerits of the project. Additionally, this study aims to provide an example of the data necessary for evaluation using this model. The plan, adoption, implementation, reach, efficacy/effectiveness, and maintenance of the project in Kasama were evaluated and reported as follows. Plan: We could not report the plan because there was no information on that dimension. Adoption: Projects were implemented across the city with the involvement of five organizations. Implementation: Forty-eight educational opportunities were provided during the year for training and supporting volunteers. Reach: Thirty-two circles have been established from April 2009 to March 2017. Additionally, 661 elderly people participated in these circles. Efficacy/Effectiveness: Participation in a circle can maintain or improve the physical and cognitive functions of volunteers and other older people. Maintenance: The number of circles and people’s participation continually increased until 2021. The project successfully increased the number of circles and female volunteers in Kasama City. However, the circles were possibly not well attended by men or the frail elderly. We need to develop projects that encourage the participation of all elderly people. Furthermore, to clarify the cost-effectiveness of such projects, it is necessary to estimate the human and economic costs of the project and investigate the effectiveness of the care prevention.
Preventive actions targeting community‐dwelling frail older people will be increasingly important with the growing number of very old and thereby also frail older people. This study aimed to explore ...and summarize the empirical literature on recent studies of case/care management interventions for community‐dwelling frail older people and especially with regard to the content of the interventions and the nurse's role and outcome of it. Very few of the interventions took either a preventive or a rehabilitative approach using psycho‐educative interventions focusing, for instance, on self‐care activities, risk prevention, health complaints management or how to preserve or strengthen social activities, community involvement and functional ability. Moreover, it was striking that very few included a family‐oriented approach also including support and education for informal caregivers. Thus it seems that the content of case/care management needs to be expanded and more influenced by a salutogenic health care perspective. Targeting frail older people seemed to benefit from a standardized two‐stage strategy for inclusion and for planning the interventions. A comprehensive geriatric assessment seemed useful as a base. Nurses, preferably trained in gerontological practice, have a key role in case/care management for frail older people. This approach calls for developing the content of case/care management so that it involves a more salutogenic, rehabilitative and family‐oriented approach. To this end it may be useful for nurses to strengthen their psychosocial skills or develop close collaboration with social workers. The outcome measures examined in this study represented one of three perspectives: the consumer's perspective, the perspective of health care consumption or the recipient's health and functional ability. Perhaps effects would be expected in all three areas and thus these should be included in evaluative studies in addition to measures for family and/or informal caregiver's strain and satisfaction.
There have been projects to promote group exercise activities (circles) in Japan conducted by volunteers. Since 2009, we have been implementing several projects to promote such circles in Kasama ...City, Ibaraki, as well. The PAIREM model, a tool for evaluation of such projects, comprehensively evaluates the project using six dimensions (Plan, Adoption, Implementation, Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, and Maintenance). This study used the PAIREM model for evaluation of a project promoting circles in Kasama City. The purpose of this study was to investigate the merits and demerits of the project. Additionally, this study aims to provide an example of the data necessary for evaluation using this model. The plan, adoption, implementation, reach, efficacy/effectiveness, and maintenance of the project in Kasama were evaluated and reported as follows. Plan: We could not report the plan because there was no information on that dimension. Adoption: Projects were implemented across the city with the involvement of five organizations. Implementation: Forty-eight educational opportunities were provided during the year for training and supporting volunteers. Reach: Thirty-two circles have been established from April 2009 to March 2017. Additionally, 661 elderly people participated in these circles. Efficacy/Effectiveness: Participation in a circle can maintain or improve the physical and cognitive functions of volunteers and other older people. Maintenance: The number of circles and peopleʼs participation continually increased until 2021. The project successfully increased the number of circles and female volunteers in Kasama City. However, the circles were possibly not well attended by men or the frail elderly. We need to develop projects that encourage the participation of all elderly people. Furthermore, to clarify the cost-effectiveness of such projects, it is necessary to estimate the human and economic costs of the project and investigate the effectiveness of the care prevention.
The present study was conducted to obtain fundamental data that would allow an investigation of nursing care methods to prevent induration resulting from intramuscular injection of haloperidol ...decanoate.This was a basic study using animals. Our observations revealed that particulate components of the drug solution retained at the injection site were not haloperidol itself, but rather sesame oil that had been added to the injection solution. The persistent induration appeared to be due to large grease spots and ambient inflammation.These findings suggested that the large grease spot should be finely dispersed, and it should be made to devise methods for minimizing inflammation around the large grease spot. Before the large grease spot develops, it is seemed that haloperidol decanoate should be dispersed in the muscle without creating a burden in the tissue.In future, we intend to examine effective nursing intervention to prevention of induration.
We clarified the trends of foot care research in nursing and discussed the issues regarding fall prevention support for elderly persons who need preventative nursing care. Eleven references were ...extracted from a search of JAMAS “Ichushi-Web” using the keywords: “elderly”, “foot care”, and “fall prevention” or “preventative nursing care”, filtered by “original papers” and “nursing”. This fact-finding study revealed a variety of foot abnormalities in the elderly, a lack of awareness of the feet, and a relationship between standing balance with abnormalities in foot morphology and function, indicating the need to address awareness in the elderly and adjust the morphological functions of the feet, which are necessary for standing balance. In the intervention studies, foot care included between three to seven items, and the items, content, methods, time, and frequency of implementation were individually tailored. Evaluation indices for fall prevention varied, and discussions indicated a composite effect. Additionally, self-care guidance was included in three of the references, indicating the challenges in establishing self-care. Although foot care for the diverse feet of the elderly requires individualized implementation, it is necessary to improve the level of evidence for each of the component items, as well as establish simple and practical programs that include self-care.
The present study investigated functional capacity of the elderly to evaluate the policy and make basic data for “the special elderly at risk of needing care”. Subjects were 72512 participants of ...community-based health checkups in Fukushima Prefecture. Their evaluation of functional capacity followed a guideline developed by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Higher proportions of old-old elderly were in need of medical care, with a significant decline in functional capacity, and met the criteria of program of care compared with young-old elderly. Prevalence of “special elderly at risk of needing care” in our study was 2.66%, due in part to a high proportion of “healthy elderly” among the participants of community-based health checkups. Functional evaluation among non-participants among old-old elderly of health checkups should be considered.
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