The nationality of ships as a point of contact to determine the applicable law for maritime liens has lost its importance, due, among other things, to the widespread use of open registries. The ...unification of legal rules relating to the registration of ships and to the determination of the applicable law for maritime liens has not sufficiently achieved its goals. As a result, the application of various points of contact from State practice does not contribute to the legal protection of the status of claimants to the maritime liens. Therefore, it is suggested to refer to the law of the closest connection for maritime liens through the application of the escape clause.
Presented in the work are four mediaeval privileges about the use of authentic seals which the Hungarian-Croatian kings, Louis I (1342-1382) his daughter, Queen Mary (1382-1385, 1386-1395) and her ...husband, Sigismund of Luxemburg (1387-1437) distributed to the Zagreb, Trogir and Senj chapter, in order that they could freely and in a legal basis carry out the service of public activities as Croatian loca credibilia (locations of authentication) which until then they carried out on the basis of the legalised decree of King Andrew II from 1231. This law applied to all our and Hungarian chapters and individual monasteries in the region of the mediaeval Hungarian-Croatian kingdom. The privilege of the Senj chapter, which performed public activity up until the18th century was certified in 1480 by Matthias I Corvinus (1458-1490) and after him in 1647 byEmperor and King Ferdinand III (1625-1657).
Odredbe članaka 167.-175. Zakona o obveznim i stvarnopravnim odnosima u zračnom prometu o postupku ovrhe na zrakoplovu pokazatelj su kako bi se u praksi teško mogao provesti jedan jasan i učinkoviti ...prisilni postupak namirenja vjerovnikovih tražbina na zrakoplovu. Uzrok tomu su nepotpune, odnosno nepostojeće odredbe o: založnim tražbinama na zrakoplovu koje imaju prioritet u namirenju, nadležnosti i ovlasti ovršnog suda, podnošenju prijedloga za ovrhu i donošenju rješenja o ovrsi, troškovima provedbe ovrhe koje mora prethodno snositi ovrhovoditelj, privremenim mjerama na zrakoplovu te pojedinim ovršnim radnjama tijekom provedbe ovrhe na zrakoplovu. Čl. 175. Zakona o obveznim i stvarnopravnim odnosima u zračnom prometu navodi da se u postupku ovrhe na zrakoplovu na odgovarajući način primjenjuju odredbe čl. 867.-988. Pomorskog zakonika o ovršnoj prodaji broda, odnosno odredbe o utvrđivanju vrijednosti broda (čl. 867.) i o daljnjim radnjama koje se odnose na ovrhu i osiguranje tražbina na brodu. Međutim, tako se samo djelomično ispunjavaju pravne praznine ovršnoga dijela Zakona o obveznim i stvarnopravnim odnosima u zračnom prometu. Odredbe kojima se uređuju prethodne ovršne radnje u provedbi ovrhe na zrakoplovu, koje je potrebno provesti do utvrđivanja vrijednosti zrakoplova, nisu odgovarajuće utvrđene. Te su radnje ključne usmjeravanju daljnjega tijeka postupka ovrhe. Stoga je i namjera istraživanja usmjerena na analitički prikaz problematične regulacije takvih prethodnih radnji u provedbi ovrhe po odredbama Zakona o obveznim i stvarnopravnim odnosima u zračnom prometu. Prijedlozi de lege ferenda trebaju biti putokaz u dopuni postojećih odredbi o ovršnoj prodaji zrakoplova, pri čemu neka analogna rješenja Pomorskog zakonika o ovršnoj prodaji broda i poredbenog prava o ovršnoj prodaji zrakoplova trebaju biti pravni temelj.
The provisions of Articles 167-175 of the Law on Obligations and Real Property Relations in Air Transport on the Enforcement Procedure on Aircraft are an indication that in practice it would be difficult to carry out a transparent and efficient coercive procedure for settling creditors’ claims on aircraft. The reason for this is incomplete or non-existent provisions on: pledge claims on the aircraft that have priority in settlement, competencies and powers of the enforcement court, submission of proposals for enforcement and issuance of enforcement decisions, enforcement costs that must be borne by the bailiff, temporary measures on individual aircraft enforcement actions during the execution on the aircraft. Article 175 of the Law on Obligations and Real Property Relations in Air Transport states that in the enforcement procedure on an aircraft, the provisions of Art. 867-988 of the Maritime Code on the enforcement sale of a ship, i.e. the provisions on determining the value of a ship (Article 867) and on further actions related to the enforcement and insurance of claims on a ship. However, this only partially fills the legal gaps in the enforcement part of the Law on Obligations and Real Property Relations in Air Transport. The provisions regulating previous enforcement actions in the implementation of enforcement on an aircraft that need to be carried out until the value of the aircraft is determined have not been adequately established. These actions are crucial in directing the further course of the enforcement proceedings. Therefore, the intention of the research is focused on the analytical presentation of the problematic regulation of such previous actions in the implementation of enforcement on the aircraft according to the provisions of the Law on Obligations and Real Property Relations in Air Transport. Proposals de lege ferenda should be a guide in supplementing the existing provisions on the enforceable sale of aircraft, with some analogous solutions of the Maritime Code on Enforcement of Ships and the comparative law on the enforceable sale of aircraft should be the legal basis.
Srednjovjekovni će Dubrovnik već od XII. stoljeća usmjeriti razvoj trgovine kao važne gospodarske grane prema zemljama balkanskog zaleđa, gdje će biti osnovana prva naselja dubrovačkih trgovaca ...(trgovačke kolonije). Zbog nesređenih društveno-ekonomskih odnosa koji vladaju u zemljama balkanskog zaleđa vlasti u Dubrovniku, da bi osigurale prosperitet trgovine i pružile zaštitu stanovnicima trgovačkih kolonija, na njihovo će čelo postaviti konzula plemića. Izabrani konzuli Dubrovnika na Balkanu, osim funkcije zaštitnika interesa dubrovačke trgovine i trgovaca, obavljaju i funkciju konzula sudaca (tzv. jurisdikcijski konzuli). Rad konzularne službe na ovom području već od početka XIV. stoljeća pravno je normiran propisima „De ordinibus Consulis elligendi pro iure reddendo inter Racuseos in Sclauonia, Bosnia, Servia et Bulgaria“, čije je naslijeđe danas prisutno u suvremenim kodifikacijskim izvorima konzularnog i diplomatskog prava.
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U radu se analiziraju odredbe Pomorskog zakonika Republike Hrvatske, koje se odnose na sustav stvarnopravnih jamstava na brodu. Navode se i obrazlažu osnovne promjene glede teksta Zakona o pomorskoj ...i unutrašnjoj plovidbi.
Autorica zaključuje da je većina nužnih i korisnih poboljšanja učinjena samo u odnosu na pomorsku hipoteku, dok je sustav pomorskih privilegija ostao nepromijenjen.