For general, almost surely absorbed Markov processes, we obtain necessary and sufficient conditions for exponential convergence to a unique quasi-stationary distribution in the total variation norm. ...These conditions also ensure the existence and exponential ergodicity of the
Q
-process (the process conditioned to never be absorbed). We apply these results to one-dimensional birth and death processes with catastrophes, multi-dimensional birth and death processes, infinite-dimensional population models with Brownian mutations and neutron transport dynamics absorbed at the boundary of a bounded domain.
Mechanics plays a fundamental role in aeolian processes and other environmental studies. This proposed book systematically presents the new progress in the research of aeolian processes, especially ...in the research on mechanism, theoretical modelling and computational simulation of aeolian processes from the viewpoint of mechanics. Nowadays, environmental and aeolian process related problems are attracting more and more attention. We hope this proposed book will provide scientists and graduate students in aeolian research and other environmental research some mechanical methods and principles and introduce aeolian related problems of environment to mathematical and mechanical scientists.
The Wishart Autoregressive (WAR) process is a dynamic model for time series of multivariate stochastic volatility. The WAR naturally accommodates the positivity and symmetry of volatility matrices ...and provides closed-form non-linear forecasts. The estimation of the WAR is straighforward, as it relies on standard methods such as the Method of Moments and Maximum Likelihood. For illustration, the WAR is applied to a sequence of intraday realized volatility–covolatility matrices from the Toronto Stock Market (TSX).
In most commercial electrochemical processes, only one of the two sides of the cell produces a desirable reaction, whereas the complementary reaction at the other side simply avoids interference with ...the target process and/or offers fast kinetics as not to limit it. An overview of several possible paired reaction schemes and their advantages is given, accompanied with specific thermodynamic and kinetic selection criteria, cell and reaction design strategies, and examples from the organic, inorganic, and environmental areas. The unnecessary nomenclature dispersion in this field (e.g., combined, concurrent, conjugate, convergent, coupled, divergent, dual, duet, linear, paired, parallel, simultaneous and synchronous electrochemical processes) is revised and a simple, consistent classification, as well as a homogeneous schematization system, is proposed.
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•Landfill leachate membrane concentrates (LLMC) are toxic and contain high pollutant concentrations.•Formation and characterization of LLMC were described.•Solutions for LLMC using ...existing methods were evaluated based on their performances.•LLMC requires an integrated approach with existing and novel treatment technologies.•By-product recovery from LLMC can be economical and reduce environmental impacts.
Landfill leachate (LL) is highly toxic wastewater and comprises various pollutants such as organic compounds, biological organisms, xenobiotics, heavy metals, inorganic salts, and ammonia. The integration of conventional methods with membrane processes has become indispensable due to the enforcement of stricter regulations for the LL discharge. The integrated membrane technologies achieve a pollutant removal efficiency of higher than 95% with a large volume of treated leachate and a low capital cost investment. However, the drawback of these processes is the production of a membrane concentrate with even more hazardous characteristics. This review presents the state of the art methods along with the recent improvements to the existing processes for the treatment of membrane concentrates. The techniques are mainly divided into two categories of conventional, advanced methods and the hybridization of them. The operating conditions, performances of the individual processes along with wastewater characteristics were summarized in detail. Generally, the leachate concentrate properties such as salinity, COD, BOD5/COD ratio, and toxicity are essential parameters for the selection of appropriate treatment methods. It was found that single treatment processes are not able to reach desirable membrane concentrate treatment and need an engineered combination of these techniques to achieve satisfactory removal efficiencies.
Water reuse for drinking, irrigation, district cooling, process heating/cooling, landscaping, etc. remains pivotal to water security and sustainability. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are at the ...heart of the industrial wastewater treatment especially for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern. Recent studies conducted to advance AOP technologies for the degradation of industrial wastewater pollutants generally encompass seven areas, namely artificial neural networks (ANNs), sustainability, plasma activation, catalyst structures, AOP-Bioremediation, and membrane-based AOPs. This review presents the advancements in AOPs for oxidation and removal of a wide range of contaminants of emerging concern from water. Detailed discussions and a critical examination of recently published works are presented in this article. Many of the reports have recorded technical progress in the form of: improved energy efficiency through the use of low-energy and renewable energy sources, successful prediction of process performance and process control, improved light capturing capabilities through plasmonic effect, successful integration with biological treatment methods and membrane filtration. In spite of this progress, a number of challenges still persist such as lack of appropriate ANN modeling structures, impractical spatial and temporal scales of investigation (i.e. scales that are too low for real operations), and membrane fouling in membrane-based AOPs. These challenges and the strategies for addressing them are discussed in this article.
Gain a foundational understanding of respiratory physiology and how the respiratory system functions in health and disease. This textbook explains the fundamentals of this complex subject in a clear ...and concise manner, while helping you bridge the gap between normal function and disease with pathophysiology content throughout the book.
Ways of Seeing Jacob, Pierre; Jeannerod, Marc
10/2003
eBook
This book is about human vision. It results from the collaboration between a world famous cognitive neuroscientist and an eminent philosopher. In the past forty years, cognitive neuroscience has made ...many startling discoveries about the human brain and about the human visual system in particular. This book brings many recent empirical findings, from electrophysiological recordings in animals, the neuropsychological examination of human patients, psychophysics, and developmental cognitive psychology, to bear on questions traditionally addressed by philosophers. What is the meaning of the English verb ‘to see’? How does visual perception yield knowledge of the world? How does visual perception relate to thought? What is the role of conscious visual experience in visually guided actions? How does seeing actions relate to seeing objects? In the process the book provides a new assessment of the ‘two visual systems’ hypothesis, according to which the human visual system comprises two anatomical pathways with separable visual functions.
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