the present paper pretends to know what characteristics should take into consideration the physical education teachers in secondary education to improve their effectiveness as a teacher and which ...should have more importance in their training. A literature review was carried out in the ERIC, Scielo, Scopus, SportDiscus and Web of Science databases from 2009 to 2019 (both inclusive), selecting a total of 12 articles. The results shows the importance of categories such as pedagogical capacity, performance and professional involvement, personality traits and knowledge of the subject in the conception of a good teacher; while other attributes such as the promotion of values, the achievement of the goals pursued by the subject and the development of a positive environment in the classes have less prominence. In summary, it is recommended to recognize the importance of these features in the initial training of university students, as well as to reorient the continuous training programmes of the physical education teachers.
el presente trabajo pretende conocer qué características debería tener en consideración el profesorado de Educación Física en enseñanza secundaria para mejorar su eficacia como docentes y cuáles deberían tener más peso en su formación. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura en las bases de datos ERIC, Scielo, Scopus, SportDiscus y Web of Science desde el año 2009 hasta el 2019 (ambos incluidos), seleccionando un total de 12 artículos. Los resultados muestran la importancia de categorías como la capacidad pedagógica, el desempeño e implicación profesional, los rasgos de la personalidad y el conocimiento de la asignatura en la concepción de un buen docente; mientras que otros atributos como la promoción de valores, la consecución de las metas que persigue la materia y el desarrollo de un ambiente positivo en las clases tienen menos protagonismo. Como conclusión, se recomienda reconocer la importancia de estos rasgos en la formación inicial del alumnado universitario, así como reorientar los programas de formación continua del profesorado en ejercicio
As more students are drawn to public health as a field of study and a profession, bringing varied backgrounds and experiences with them, the number of public health programs and schools of public ...health has grown substantially. How can teachers meet the changing needs of incoming students—and ensure that graduates have the knowledge, skills, and attributes to pursue further education and forge successful careers in public health?
Aimed at experienced and new teachers alike, this timely volume is a cutting-edge primer on teaching public health around the globe. Bringing together leaders in the field with expertise across the educational continuum, the book combines the conceptual underpinnings needed to advance curricula with the resources to train and support faculty in innovative teaching methods. This thorough book
• discusses challenges faced by public health teachers
• examines the principles and practices for teaching at each level of study
• describes technological and pedagogical innovations in public health education
• stresses the importance of life-long learning and interprofessional education
• offers concrete tips for engaging students through active and collaborative learning
• focuses on teaching cultural competency and reaching diverse student populations
• looks to the future, building on emerging trends and anticipating where the field is headed
A field-defining volume, Teaching Public Health offers a concrete plan to ensure that both individual courses and overall curricula are responsive to the needs of a rapidly changing student body and the world beyond the school.
Contributors: Linda Alexander, Susan Altfeld, Jessica S. Ancker, Lauren D. Arnold, Melissa D. Begg, Angela Breckenridge, Kathryn M. Cardarelli, Angela Carman, Trey Conatser, Lorraine M. Conroy, Yvette C. Cozier, Eugene Declercq, Marie Diener-West, Jen Dolan, Greg Evans, Julian Fisher, Elizabeth French, Sandro Galea, Daniel Gerber, Sophie Godley, Jacey A. Greece, Perry N. Halkitis, Jennifer Hebert-Beirne, Jyotsna Jagai, Katherine Johnson, Nancy Kane, David G. Kleinbaum, Wayne LaMorte, Meg Landfried, Delia L. Lang, Joel Lee, Laura Linnan, Laura Magaña Valladares, Uchechi Mitchell, Beth Moracco, Robert Pack, Donna Petersen, Silvia E. Rabionet, Elizabeth Reisinger Walker, Richard Riegelman, Kathleen Ryan, Nelly Salgado de Snyder, Rachel Schwartz, Lisa M. Sullivan, Tanya Uden-Holman, Luann White, James Wolff, Randy Wykoff
Intelligence Nisbett, Richard E; Aronson, Joshua; Blair, Clancy ...
The American psychologist,
02/2012, Letnik:
67, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
We review new findings and new theoretical developments in the field of intelligence. New findings include the following: (a) Heritability of IQ varies significantly by social class. (b) Almost no ...genetic polymorphisms have been discovered that are consistently associated with variation in IQ in the normal range. (c) Much has been learned about the biological underpinnings of intelligence. (d) "Crystallized" and "fluid" IQ are quite different aspects of intelligence at both the behavioral and biological levels. (e) The importance of the environment for IQ is established by the 12-point to 18-point increase in IQ when children are adopted from working-class to middle-class homes. (f) Even when improvements in IQ produced by the most effective early childhood interventions fail to persist, there can be very marked effects on academic achievement and life outcomes. (g) In most developed countries studied, gains on IQ tests have continued, and they are beginning in the developing world. (h) Sex differences in aspects of intelligence are due partly to identifiable biological factors and partly to socialization factors. (i) The IQ gap between Blacks and Whites has been reduced by 0.33 SD in recent years. We report theorizing concerning (a) the relationship between working memory and intelligence, (b) the apparent contradiction between strong heritability effects on IQ and strong secular effects on IQ, (c) whether a general intelligence factor could arise from initially largely independent cognitive skills, (d) the relation between self-regulation and cognitive skills, and (e) the effects of stress on intelligence.
This book aims to advance the knowledge on the future of business education in South Africa and to allow all relevant role players (universities and industry) the opportunity to debate and share ...ideas on how to best position business education to optimally serve the interest of students and the dynamic changes taking place in the world of work. Although some of these changes have taken shape before 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the need and pace for change. If business schools (in our context, faculties of economic and management sciences) do not adapt rapidly, they will be left behind by other up-and-coming industry providers. The research scope covers all business-related undergraduate and postgraduate economics, management and accounting programmes, excluding MBA programmes.
Objective To review the current training opportunities for ultrasound use for health workers practising in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).
Methods A PubMed search using terms ultrasound, ...sonography, echocardiography, developing country/countries, developing world, low resource settings, low income country/countries, training and education was conducted. Articles from 2000 to 2011 that included data on ultrasonography training were eligible for inclusion.
Results This review shows that most ultrasound scans are performed by generalist and obstetric physicians and even non‐medical personnel with little to no formal training in ultrasonography. The spectrum of ultrasonography training described spanned from no formal training to formal certification and residency programmes. All courses included some component of didactics and hands‐on training. Follow‐up of trainee skills ranged from none, to telemedicine case review, to formal re‐evaluations and intensive refresher courses. Ultrasonographic training in LMICs often does not meet the WHO criteria such as the number of scans under supervision and length of training programme recommended by WHO. Nevertheless, some programmes manage to have excellent outcomes with regard to diagnostic accuracy and retention of knowledge by trained personnel.
Conclusion Regulation and quality control of training in ultrasound skills for those working in LMICs can be improved. Research on effective training and follow‐up should be encouraged.
Objectifs: Examiner les opportunités actuelles de formation dans l’utilisation des ultrasons pour les agents de la santé exerçant dans les pays à ressources faibles et intermédiaires (PFR‐PRI).
Méthodes: Une recherche a été menée sur PubMed utilisant les termes suivants: ultrason, échographie, échocardiographie, pays en développement, monde en développement, pays à ressources faibles, pays à ressources élevées, formation, éducation. Les articles de 2000 à 2011 comportant des données sur la formation en échographie étaient éligibles pour inclusion.
Résultats: Cette revue montre que la plupart des analyses par ultrasons sont effectuées par les médecins généralistes obstétricaux et même par du personnel non médical, avec peu ou aucune formation officielle en échographie. Le spectre de la formation en échographie décrite allait de l’absence de formation officielle à la certification officielle et à des programmes de résidence. Tous les cours comportaient des composantes théoriques et pratiques de la formation. Le suivi de la compétence des stagiaires variait de nul à l’analyse des cas par télémédecine, à la réévaluation officielle et à des cours intensifs de recyclage. La formation en échographique dans les PFR‐PRI ne répond pas souvent aux critères de l’OMS tels que le nombre de balayages sous supervision et la durée recommandée du programme de formation. Néanmoins, certains programmes parviennent à obtenir d’excellents résultats pour ce qui est de la précision du diagnostic et du maintien des connaissances par un personnel formé.
Conclusion: La règlementation et le contrôle de qualité de la formation dans les compétences aux ultrasons pour ceux qui travaillent dans les PFR‐PRI peuvent être améliorés. La recherche sur la formation effective et le suivi devraient être encouragée.
Objetivos: Revisar las oportunidades actuales de entrenamiento en el uso de ultrasonido para sanitarios trabajando en países de ingresos medios y bajos (PIMBs).
Métodos: Búsqueda en PubMed utilizando las palabras: ultrasonido, sonografía, ecocardiografía, país / países en vías de desarrollo, mundo en vías de desarrollo, emplazamiento con bajos recursos, entrenamiento, educación. Los artículos encontrados pertenecientes a los años 2000 a 2011 que tenían datos sobre entrenamiento en ultrasonografía eran elegible para inclusión.
Resultados: Esta revisión muestra que la mayoría de los escáneres de ultrasonido son realizados por médicos generalistas y obstetras, e incluso por personal no médico, con poco o ningún entrenamiento formal en ultrasonografía. El espectro de entrenamiento en ultrasonografía descrito iba desde el entrenamiento no formal a la certificación formal y programas para residentes. Todos los cursos incluían algunos componentes de didáctica y entrenamiento práctico. El seguimiento de las habilidades del aprendiz iba de absolutamente ninguno a una revisión de casos telemática, o a re‐evaluaciones formales y cursillos intensivos de actualización. El entrenamiento en ultrasonografía en PIMBs a menudo no cumple con los criterios de la OMS, como en el número de escáneres bajo supervisión o en la duración de los programas de entrenamiento. Sin embargo, algunos programas consiguen tener resultados excelentes en lo que respecta a la precisión diagnóstica y la retención de conocimientos del personal entrenado.
Conclusión: Puede mejorarse la regulación y el control de calidad del entrenamiento en ultrasonido, de quienes trabajan en PIMBs. Debería fomentarse la investigación para un entrenamiento efectivo y su seguimiento.
Background Though methadone has been shown to effectively treat opioid use disorder, many barriers prevent individuals from accessing and maintaining treatment. Barriers are prevalent in less ...populated areas where treatment options are limited. This study examines barriers to retention in methadone treatment in a small Midwest community and identifies factors associated with greater endorsement of barriers. Methods Patients at an opioid treatment program (N = 267) were recruited to complete a computer-based survey onsite. Surveys assessed demographics, opioid misuse, depression and anxiety symptoms, trauma history and symptoms, social support, and barriers to retention in treatment (e.g., childcare, work, housing, transportation, legal obligations, cost, health). Descriptive statistics were used to examine individual barriers and multiple regression was calculated to identify demographic and psychosocial factors associated with greater cumulative barriers. Results Most participants reported at least one barrier to retention in treatment and more than half reported multiple barriers. Travel hardships and work conflicts were the most highly endorsed barriers. Past year return to use (B = 2.31, p = 0.004) and more severe mental health symptomology (B = 0.20, p = 0.038) were associated with greater cumulative barriers. Greater levels of social support were associated with fewer barriers (B = - 0.23, p < 0.001). Conclusion This study adds to the limited research on barriers to retention in methadone treatment among patients in rural and small urban communities. Findings suggest flexible regulations for dispensing methadone, co-location or care coordination, and family or peer support programs may further reduce opioid use and related harms in small communities. Individuals with past year return to use reported a greater number of barriers, highlighting the time following return to use as critical for wraparound services and support. Those with co-occurring mental health issues may be vulnerable to poor treatment outcomes, as evidenced by greater endorsement of barriers. As social support emerged as a protective factor, efforts to strengthen informal support networks should be explored as adjunctive services to methadone treatment. Keywords: Methadone, Barriers, Rural, Opioids, Treatment retention
Migratory birds regularly perform impressive long-distance flights, which are timed relative to the anticipated environmental resources at destination areas that can be several thousand kilometres ...away. Timely migration requires diverse strategies and adaptations that involve an intricate interplay between internal clock mechanisms and environmental conditions across the annual cycle. Here we review what challenges birds face during long migrations to keep track of time as they exploit geographically distant resources that may vary in availability and predictability, and summarize the clock mechanisms that enable them to succeed. We examine the following challenges: departing in time for spring and autumn migration, in anticipation of future environmental conditions; using clocks on the move, for example for orientation, navigation and stopover; strategies of adhering to, or adjusting, the time programme while fitting their activities into an annual cycle; and keeping pace with a world of rapidly changing environments. We then elaborate these themes by case studies representing long-distance migrating birds with different annual movement patterns and associated adaptations of their circannual programmes. We discuss the current knowledge on how endogenous migration programmes interact with external information across the annual cycle, how components of annual cycle programmes encode topography and range expansions, and how fitness may be affected when mismatches between timing and environmental conditions occur. Lastly, we outline open questions and propose future research directions.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Wild clocks: integrating chronobiology and ecology to understand timekeeping in free-living animals’.
Blended Mobility refers to the strategic combination of phases of online learning with periods of short physical mobility. This approach to international learning has gained considerable interest in ...European university education in recent years due to the introduction of Blended Intensive Programmes (BIPs) in the new Erasmus + programme. BIPs are defined as a form of Blended Mobility which involve short, intensive programmes that use innovative ways of learning and teaching, including online cooperation. This article reports on the results of a survey of BIP academic coordinators which was carried out to establish an overview of current practices in the area. The study provides an overview of the perceived benefits of Blended Mobility and also identifies the main challenges which practitioners encounter when running such programmes. A series of good practices which are recommended by organisers are presented and this is followed by a discussion of the survey's major conclusions.
Brazil experiences extreme weather and climate events that cause numerous economic and social losses, and according to climate change projections, these events will increase in intensity and ...frequency over this century.This study adds to the body of research on Brazil’s climate change by analyzing the historical patterns and projected changes in temperature and precipitation extremes across Brazil using the World Climate Research Program’s Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices framework. This novel approach analyzes climate extreme events over the past four decades (1980–2016) using multiple gridded observation and reanalysis datasets. Furthermore, future changes in climate extremes are analyzed from 20 downscaled Earth System Models (ESMs) at high horizontal resolution (0.25° of latitude/longitude), under two representative concentration pathway scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5). Projected changes in the extreme indices are analyzed over mid-twenty-first century (2046–2065) and end-of-twenty-first century (2081–2100) relative to the reference period 1986–2005. Results show consistent warming patterns with increasing (decreasing) trends in warm (cold) extremes in the historical datasets. A similar but more intense warm pattern is projected in the mid and end of the twenty-first century. For precipitation indices, observations show an increase in consecutive dry days and a reduction of consecutive wet days over almost all Brazil. The frequency and intensity of extremely wet days over Brazil are expected to increase according to future scenarios. Designing effective adaptation and mitigation measures in response to changes in climate extremes events depends on this improved understanding of how conditions have and are likely to change in the future at regional scales.
In this article, a meta-analysis is presented on 40 evaluation studies of early prevention programs for families with young children at risk for physical child abuse and neglect with mostly ...nonrandomized designs. The main aim of all programs was to prevent physical child abuse and neglect by providing early family support. For the meta-analysis, a multilevel approach was used. A significant overall positive effect was found, pointing to the potential usefulness of these programs. The study demonstrated a significant decrease in the manifestation of abusive and neglectful acts and a significant risk reduction in factors such as child functioning, parent-child interaction, parent functioning, family functioning, and context characteristics.
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