Strategijsko manevrisanje proizvodom, cenom, distribucijom i promocijom kao elementima ponude suština je marketing koncepcije savremene banke. Pojava i razvoj globalne mreže radikalno je promenila ...sve elemente marketing miksa. Uspostavljanjem asortimana proizvoda i dinamičkim upravljanjem promenama u njegovoj strukturi banke usklađuju svoje mogućnosti sa potrebama klijenata. Trude se da ponude što bogatiji i dostupniji proizvodni asortiman. Teže da se prilagođavanjem ponude maksimalno približe zahtevima postojećih i potencijalnih korisnika. Ponuda često nadmašuje tražnju. Zbog toga se trude da odluke o oblikovanju proizvoda nikada ne donose bez saradnje s klijentima. Dostupnost različitih, prilagodljivih i cenovno konkurentnih bankarskih proizvoda fundiranih uz upotrebu informacionih tehnologija, postaje temelj bankarstva. Fokusiranost na klijenta, zaokružena ponuda proizvoda visokog kvaliteta i stalne inovacije predstavljaju ključni faktor uspešnosti poslovanja banaka.
Autohtoni proizvodi, karakteristični za otočni prostor, specifični su segment otočnog gospodarstva, a hrvatski im zakonodavac omogućuje promociju i zaštitu na tržištu oznakama zemljopisnog ...podrijetla, oznakama izvornosti, zajamčenošću tradicionalnih specijaliteta, oznakama 'hrvatski eko-proizvod' i 'hrvatski otočni proizvod'. Europska unija poziva se na odredbe članka 174. Lisabonskog ugovora ističući potrebu razvijanja politike gospodarske, socijalne i teritorijalne kohezije za otočna područja, kao priliku za smanjivanje razvojne nejednakosti s kopnenim regijama. Za definiranje pojma„otok“ i uopće otočne problematike značajan je amandman na Rezoluciju Parlamenta o posebnoj situaciji otoka kojim se konstatira da otoci nisu dobili financijsku pomoć za razdoblje od 2014. do 2020., te da članak 174. Lisabonskog ugovora nije jasan. U radu se kao daljnji EU-instrument otočne politike ističe Izvješće Komisije o opravdanosti uvođenja neobavezne oznake kvalitete „proizvod otočne poljoprivrede“ jer iskazuje neslaganje s tom idejom prema Uredbi (EU) o sustavima kvalitete za poljoprivredne i prehrambene proizvode br. 1151/2012. Bitni su i Zaključci Vijeća jer se smatra da svaka otočna članica može izraditi svoj program o rješavanju problema otočnih poljoprivrednika. Kao EU-akti političke naravi, nemaju obvezujuću snagu, ali potrebno ih je pratiti imajući u vidu interese proizvođača na hrvatskim otocima koji su uključeni u nacionalni sustav kvalitete „Hrvatski otočni proizvod“. Uvođenjem spomenute neobavezne EU-oznake za poljoprivredne proizvode s hrvatskih otoka, proizvođači bi imali štetu s pozicije slobodnog tržišnog natjecanja jer bi se uvrstili uz svoje konkurente. Na kraju se spominju EU-akcije koje se poduzimaju na otocima u odnosu na transnacionalne mreže, a odraz već imaju na hrvatskim naseljenim otocima.
Original products, characteristic of island areas, are a specific segment of the island economy, and the Croatian legislator enables promotion and market protection with labels of country of origin, appellations of origin, guarantees of traditional specialties, labels of 'Croatian eco-products' and 'Croatian Island Product'. The European Union refers to the provisions of article 174. The Lisbon Agreement emphasizes the need to develop political economic, social and territorial cohesion for island areas, as an opportunity for reducing developmental inequalities with mainland regions. To define the concept of „island “and the problem area of islands, the amendment to the Resolution of Parliament on the specific situation of islands is significant which states that islands have not had financial assistance from 2014 to 2020 and that article 174 of the Lisbon Agreement is not clear.
Here, as a further EU instrument of island policy, emphasized is the Commission's Report on the justification of introducing non-compulsory labels of quality „product of island agriculture “because it shows disagreement with this idea pursuant to Regulation (EU) on the system of quality for agricultural and food products no. 1151/2012. Also important are Council Conclusions because every island member can formulate its own program to resolve this problem of island producers. As EU acts are of a political nature, they are not binding, but it is necessary to follow them keeping in mind the interests of producers on Croatian islands which are included in the national system of quality „Croatian Island Product “. By introducing the mentioned non-compulsory EU appellations for agricultural produce from Croatian islands, producers would be at a disadvantage from the position of free market competition because they would be placed with their competitors. Finally, EU-actions are mentioned which are undertaken on islands in relation to transnational networks, and are already reflected on Croatian populated islands.
Odnos marki i potrošača je kompleksan i osjetljiv jer marke često odražavaju
mišljenja i stavove potrošača. Potrošači uspostavljaju odnos temeljen na emocijama s
mrakom i očekuju da se određene njima ...važne karakteristike koje povezuju s markom ne
mijenjaju. Posebice očekuju kontinuitet u kvaliteti koja se pokazala kao jedna od ključnih
odrednica u izgradnji uspješne marke. Na današnjem iznimno brzom i konkurentnom
tržištu, za marke je važnije nego ikada da zadrže kontinuitet kvalitete i time ispune
očekivanja potrošača. Cilj ovog rada je pobliže objasniti karakteristike marke, kao i
razliku između marke i proizvoda te pojasniti sami proces stvaranja marke. Pregledom
dostupne i aktualne literature, ovim radom želi se također pobliže istražiti utjecaj
kvalitete na stvaranje uspješne marke, a samim time i pozitivnih poslovnih rezultata i
profita.
This book sheds light into the uneasy relationship between the 'IUU fishing' designation as a governance mechanism, and international law. Building on previous literature, this original study will be ...of interest to international fisheries governance academics and policymakers alike.
We are used to thinking about inequality within countries--about rich Americans versus poor Americans, for instance. But what about inequality between all citizens of the world? Worlds Apart ...addresses just how to measure global inequality among individuals, and shows that inequality is shaped by complex forces often working in different directions. Branko Milanovic, a top World Bank economist, analyzes income distribution worldwide using, for the first time, household survey data from more than 100 countries. He evenhandedly explains the main approaches to the problem, offers a more accurate way of measuring inequality among individuals, and discusses the relevant policies of first-world countries and nongovernmental organizations.
Cilj je ovog istraživanja ispitati teorijske osnove konvergencije i utvrditidinamiku promjena ekonomskih performansi zemalja Europske unijeovisno o pripadnosti eurozoni. Svrha je dobiti nalaze o ...ostvarivanjurealne konvergencije i o promjenama ekonomskih performansi uuvjetima krize. Nalazi mogu biti relevantni za Hrvatsku koja od 1. 1.2023. postaje članica eurozone. Ekonomske performanse nacionalnihekonomija izražene su bruto domaćim proizvodom po stanovniku. Zautvrđivanje konvergencije primijenjeni su koncepti mjerenja: sigma,beta, gama i delta u razdoblju 2010. – 2019. godine. Identifikacijapromjena ekonomskih performansi u uvjetima krize provedenaje na temelju podataka za 2009. godinu i 2020. godinu. Rezultatiistraživanja sadržani su u identificiranim razlikama između definiranihskupina zemalja u ostvarivanju realne konvergencije u promatranomdesetogodišnjem razdoblju i u ostvarenim ekonomskim performansamau kriznim uvjetima.
The aim of this research is to investigate the theoretical foundationsof convergence and to determine the dynamics of changes in theeconomic performance of European Union countries dependingon their membership to the euro area. The purpose is to obtainfindings on achieving real convergence and on changes in economicperformance in times of crisis. The findings may be relevant for Croatia,which will become a member of the eurozone on 1 January 2023.Economic performance of national economies is expressed in grossdomestic product per capita. To determine convergence, the followingmeasurement concepts were used: sigma, beta, gamma, and delta in theperiod from 2010 to 2019. The identification of changes in economicperformance in crisis conditions was carried out based on data for 2009and 2020. The results of this research are contained in the identifieddifferences between the defined groups of countries in achieving realconvergence within the observed ten-year period and in the achievedeconomic performance in crisis conditions.
Aflatoksini su mikotoksini koji nastaju pod utjecajem plijesni iz roda Aspergillus. Nekoliko je vrsta aflatoksina od kojih je najtoksičniji aflatoksin B1 (AFB1). Pod utjecajem povoljnih uvjeta vlage ...i temperature dolazi do proizvodnje AFB1 na žitaricama, najčešće kukuruzu. Konzumiranjem takve hrane preživači unose u organizam AFB1 koji se potom razgrađuje u aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) i izlučuje u mlijeko. Kontaminirano se mlijeko koristi u procesima proizvodnje mliječnih proizvoda. Zbog prisutnosti aflatoksina u mlijeku i mliječnim proizvodima, kako bi se zaštitili potrošači sve je veći naglasak na kontroli. EU je propisala najviše dopuštene količine (NDK) za AFM1 u mlijeku od 0,05 μg/kg te u mlijeku za dojenčad od 0,025 μg/ kg. U mliječnim proizvodima nisu propisane NDK vrijednosti za AFM1, ali neke su zemlje definirale vlastite razine. U različitim istraživanjima ispitane su vrijednosti koncentracija AFM1 u mliječnim proizvodima. Utvrđeno je da su u odnosu na mlijeko od kojeg je proizvedeno sirevi imali najviše, a jogurti najniže koncentracije AFM1. Zbog prisutnosti aflatoksina u hrani za životinje, mlijeku i mliječnim proizvodima testiraju se različite metode kojima bi se smanjila koncentracija tih toksina.
Aflatoxins are mycotoxins produced by species of the fungal genus Aspergillus. There are several types of aflatoxins, but the most toxic is aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). Different conditions (humidity and temperature) lead to the production of AFB1 on grains, especially maize. When ruminants consume contaminated feed, AFB1 enters into the gastrointestinal tract, is metabolised into aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and secreted into milk. This contaminated milk is then used in the production of dairy products. Due to the presence of aflatoxin in milk and dairy products, control of these toxins is important for consumer protection. In the EU, the maximum residue level (MRL) of AFM1 in milk is set to 0.05 μg/kg and for infant milk to 0.025 μg/kg. However, there is no EU MRL for AFM1 in dairy products, though some countries have defined national limits. A number of studies have been carried out to determine the concentration of AFM1 in dairy products. Cheeses have the highest and yogurts the lowest concentration of AFM1, lower than the concentration in the milk from which it was produced. Due to the presence of aflatoxin in animal feed, milk and dairy products, various methods have been tested to reduce the concentrations of these toxins.
Mass customization (MC) is gaining steadyattention in both industry and academia. Recently,MC implementation guidelines (MC-IGs) have been identified as an emerging sub-stream of MC research. A ...review of thissub-stream has beenpublishedin the current year,with a practitioner-oriented view. The present paper complementsthat review by focusing on the researchers’ need to improve the way MC-IGs are developed and communicated. By providing data generated from asystematic literature review on MC-IGs,the present paper informs researchers abouthow much and in which way certain aspectsof MC-IGs havebeen considered in the available guidelines. Through a systematic and detailed description of the published MC-IGs, the present article supports researchers to clearly communicatethesimilarities and differences intheir proposed advancements on MC-IGs. Finally, by reflecting on the very nature of the output of MC-IG research,this article suggests open and wide adoption ofthe design science research strategy to develop and test MC-IGs.
Reprising The 2017 American Library Association Outstanding Academic Title award-winning A-Z Guide to Food As Medicine, this new edition explores the physiological effects of more than 250 foods, ...food groups, nutrients, and phytochemicals in entries that include:
Definition and background information such as traditional medicinal use, culinary facts, and dietary intake and deficiency information
Scientific findings on the physiological effects of foods, food groups, and food constituents
Bioactive dose when known, such as nutrient Dietary Reference Intakes focusing on 19-to-50-year-old individuals
Safety highlights, such as nutrient Tolerable Upper Intake Levels
A health professional's comprehensive nutrition handbook that includes all nutrients, nutrient functions, "good" and "excellent" sources of nutrients, nutrient assessment, and deficiency symptoms, as well as summaries of foods, food groups, and phytochemicals.
New to the Second Edition:
Disease- and condition-focused Index that leads readers to foods used to manage specific conditions and diseases
Focus on practical recommendations for health maintenance and disease prevention, including tables, insets, and updated scientific findings on more than a dozen new foods
Accompanying teaching aids and lesson plans available online at http://www.crcpress.com
Features:
Dictionary-style summaries of the physiological effects of foods, food groups, nutrients, and phytochemicals alphabetically listed for quick access
Approximately 60 B & W images of foods; informational tables and insets that define or illustrate concepts such as drug terminologies, classes of phytochemicals, and medicinal aspects of foods and of a plant-based diet
Over 1,000 scientific references from peer-reviewed sources, including The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Evidence Analysis Library, and position statements of major health organizations
U ovom radu istražuje se koncentracija primjene prethodnih sporazuma o transfernim cijenama u zemljama Europske unije. Utvrðuje se imaju li zemlje Europske unije s višim bruto društvenim proizvodom ...više prethodnih sporazuma o transfernim cijenama na snazi u odnosu na zemlje s nižim bruto društvenim proizvodom te istražuje postojanje korelacije izmeðu broja prethodnih sporazuma o transfernim cijenama na snazi i bruto društvenog proizvoda u zemljama Europske unije. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo razdoblje od 2016. do 2019. godine, a za ostvarivanje postavljenih ciljeva istraživanja korištene su srednje vrijednosti, mjere disperzije, mjere koncentracije te koeficijent korelacije. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da u zemljama Europske unije postoji visoka koncentracija primjene prethodnih sporazuma o transfernim cijenama te da je većina sporazuma koji su na snazi koncentrirana u zemljama Europske unije s visokim bruto društvenim proizvodom. Takoðer, rezultati istraživanja su pokazali nepostojanje korelacije izmeðu broja jednostranih prethodnih sporazuma o transfernim cijenama na snazi i bruto društvenog proizvoda, dok je izmeðu broja dvostranih i višestranih sporazuma na snazi i bruto društvenog proizvoda u zemljama Europske unije utvrðena jaka pozitivna korelacija.
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