In Fictional Discourse Stefano Predelli has radicalized Walton’s Fictionalism by arguing that fictional sentences do not codify propositions and that fictional proper names are not names. In this ...note, in addition to delineating the main features of Radical Fictionalism, doubts are cast upon Predelli’s hard demands on proper names in general as well as upon the alignment between the roles he assigns to fictive narrators and his claim that fictional proper names are somewhat ambiguous.
A generally accepted view regarding proper names is that they have reference, but no lexical meaning (Lyons, 1977). This idea is the basis for the Functional Discourse Grammar (Hengeveld & Mackenzie, ...2008) view of proper names as primitives of the Interpersonal Level and the lexical head of Subacts of Reference. At the Representational Level, the entity is designated by an absent head, which captures the fact that proper names do not have a meaning. Although this approach accounts for the most prototypical use of proper names, it fails to explain a range of other uses. In addition to the referential use of non-modified proper names, this paper analyses other uses of proper names in Portuguese: modified proper names, metaphorical proper names, and proper names in naming constructions. The proposal presented here explains cases of restrictive modification and metaphorical uses of proper names as instances of reflexive language and coercion, respectively. As for proper names in naming constructions, they are considered to have a third, different, function, in addition to the vocative and referential use.@font-face{font-family:"Cambria Math";panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:roman;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1107305727 0 0 415 0;}@font-face{font-family:Times;panose-1:0 0 5 0 0 0 0 2 0 0;mso-font-charset:0;mso-generic-font-family:auto;mso-font-pitch:variable;mso-font-signature:-536870145 1342185562 0 0 415 0;}p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal{mso-style-unhide:no;mso-style-qformat:yes;mso-style-parent:"";margin:0in;mso-pagination:none;text-autospace:none;font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoChpDefault{mso-style-type:export-only;mso-default-props:yes;font-size:11.0pt;mso-ansi-font-size:11.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}.MsoPapDefault{mso-style-type:export-only;mso-pagination:none;text-autospace:none;}div.WordSection1{page:WordSection1;}
The traditional distinction between Millian and Fregean theories of names presupposes that what Mill calls ‘connotation’ lines up with what Frege calls ‘sense.’ This presupposition is false. Mill’s ...talk of connotation is an attempt to bring into view the line of thought that crystallizes in Frege’s distinction between concept and object. This latter is the semantic dualism of my title.
The retrieval of proper names in memory is particularly prone to failure. Several authors have suggested that being unable to retrieve someone's name is likely to be an embarrassing or irritating ...experience. However, empirical data showing that name recall failures actually elicit embarrassment and annoyance are particularly sparse. In an online questionnaire study, participants were asked about their negative feelings associated with the occurrence of retrieval failures. The strongest negative feeling reported was annoyance rather than embarrassment. The highest rated factor favouring recall failures was mental fatigue. We also asked participants whether they interpreted name recall failures as an early-warning sign of Alzheimer's disease. Participants did not believe this to be the case. In the second part of the study, participants responded to questions related to the strategies they use to resolve recall failures. Contextual strategies were reported more frequently than other strategies, such as searching for biographical details about the target person or searching for phonological or orthographic information about the name to be retrieved. Moreover, participants considered that retrieving a name by themselves was more likely to help them recall the name later than using external aids. This result suggests that people are aware of the self-resolution effect. KEYWORDS memory naming proper names tip-of-the-tongue metacognition
Proper names comprise a class of labels that arbitrarily nominate specific entities, such as people and places. Compared to common nouns, retrieving proper names is more challenging. Thus, they ...constitute good alternative semantic categories for psycholinguistic and neurocognitive research and intervention. The ability to retrieve proper names is known to decrease with aging. Likewise, their retrieval may differ across their different categories (e.g., people and places) given their specific associated knowledge. Therefore, proper names’ stimuli require careful selection due to their high dependence on prior experiences. Notably, normative datasets for pictures of proper names are scarce and hardly have considered the influence of aging and categories. The current study established culturally adapted norms for proper names’ pictures (
N
= 80) from an adult sample (
N
= 107), in psycholinguistic measures (naming and categorization scores) and evaluative dimensions (fame, familiarity, distinctiveness, arousal, and representational quality). These norms were contrasted across different categories (famous people and well-known places) and age groups (younger and older adults). Additionally, the correlations between all variables were examined. Proper names’ pictures were named and categorized above chance and overall rated as familiar, famous, distinctive, and of high representational quality. Age effects were observed across all variables, except familiarity. Category effects were occasionally observed. Finally, the correlations between the psycholinguistic measures and all rated dimensions suggest the relevance of controlling for these dimensions when assessing naming abilities. The current norms provide a relevant aging-adapted dataset that is publicly available for research and intervention purposes.
The usage of proper names to advertise a product is ubiquitous in the marketplace. In many cases, there is very little information about these names. For example, treatment lotion by “Lady Aiko.” ...This research examines whether such a strategy effectively increases evaluations for a product. If so, is this strategy more effective when used by a high‐quality brand or a low‐quality brand? Across one field study, one text analytics study, and two experimental studies, we find that the proper name strategy can lead to higher product evaluations and that such names are more effective when advertised for a low‐quality brand. We first propose, using contagion effects, that products advertised with a proper name are more likely to contain the essence of human creation, resulting in greater product effectiveness than identical products without such proper names. Furthermore, we employ the expectation‐disconfirmation account to propose that when the brand has a higher (vs. lower) quality (expectation stage), the product with a proper name strategy (postexpectation stage) leads to small (vs. large) positive disconfirmation, which thereby results in assimilation (vs. contrast) and forming product evaluations similar (vs. higher) to the original assessments of the brand. We offer implications for new product marketers on how to be most effective in influencing product evaluations, as well as policymakers looking to improve consumer welfare by encouraging manufacturers of generic products to consider using a proper name strategy.
Anonymus Gesta Hungarorum című munkája a magyar nyelvtörténet fontos forrása, amely a 13. század elejének magyar nyelvéről ad számunkra információkat. A tanulmány azt mutatja be nagy vonalakban, hogy ...a geszta mint nyelvemléktípus általában és konkrétan Anonymus műve a nyelvtörténeti kutatásokat milyen szempontból segítheti. A geszta 32. fejezetének szövege és a benne szereplő magyar nyelvű elemeken keresztül a helyesírás-történeti, hangtörténeti, nyelvjárás-történeti morfématörténeti, a szó- és névtörténeti vizsgálati lehetőségek és az ezek során szem előtt tartandó tényezők, kritériumok állnak az írás középpontjában. Szó esik emellett a gesztában érvényesülő normatörekvésekről, illetve a geszta magyar nyelvű elemeinek enciklopédikus feldolgozásáról is.
Translation of philosophical texts is a special challenge because of specific philosophical idiom and conceptual complexity of the narrative. It is not surprising that such translations are often ...accompanied by commentaries where the translator steps out of the shadows to justify the translational decisions. This kind of supplementary text called the “translational peritext” is under study in this paper aiming to reveal the cognitive effort the translation process involves, and to explore the author-translator-reader relationship. The purpose of the article is to analyze paratextual elements in the translation of an essay on philosophical aesthetics in search of answers to three main questions: What does the translator choose to comment on, and why? What is specific about the role and function of translational peritext in philosophical artistic discourse? How do the commented translational decisions affect, if at all, the reader’s understanding of the author’s stance? The problem of revealing the translator’s agency, his/her motivations and decision-making is investigated on the basis of the essay Analysis of Beauty by the celebrated 18th century English artist William Hogarth — an influential philosophical treatise whose ideas have never lost their relevance. The paper starts with the brief account of the concept of paratext, its types and functions; it will then proceed to specificities of philosophical translation. In the main part of the article, the background information on the material under study precedes the analysis of the identified commented translational issues.
This paper analyses how proper names fit in the incongruity resolution theory of humor, more specifically Bergson (1911)’s theory of humor as rigidification (and related distraction and ...exaggeration). The relevant properties of proper names, such as their rigid format and semantic unanalysability, their high degree of lexicalization, and their potential role as parangons, are explained in order to suggest possible metalinguistic script oppositions that could describe how proper names, as lexical units, are used in humorous contexts.
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