Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm, we examine the effect of technological competition over a patent on the firm's choice of patenting strategy. We claim that technological competition ...makes the traditional strategy of protecting focal innovations from imitation less likely and increases the likelihood of a play strategy — i.e. using patents to avoid the risk of hold-up by other patent owners, or as a bargaining chip in litigation and cross-licensing. However, we claim also that technological competition over a target close to the firm's core technology should lead to use of a fence strategy i.e. to blocking the commercial endeavors of rivals and preempting substitute inventions. We find support for our hypotheses using data from a large-scale survey of European patent applications.
•Firms can rely on various mechanisms to extract value from intellectual property.•Firms patent to exclude rivals and to reduce the risk of being blocked by others.•Technological competition affects the reasons for patenting and patent use.•Technological competition reduces the value of the commercialization of innovation.•Competition for a core technology spurs a ‘closed’ approach to patent strategy.
Abstract
At the moment, two trust-like constructions co-exist in the law of Ukraine - the institution of property management and trust property. The article analyses the positions of well-known ...Ukrainian lawyers on the place of these legal structures in the civil law of Ukraine, as well as possible ways in which they might be further development. The author defines the concepts and researches the features of the institution of property management and trust property, establishes their common and distinctive features, and also emphasises the fundamental difference between it and the institution of trust, which exists in the common law. Particular attention in the article is devoted to defining the concept and specifics of securities management as a specific subject of civil law. The definition of the term 'securities management contract' and its characteristics are analysed.
In the years since the financial crisis, low-income housing markets are increasingly dominated by speculative bulk ownership and eviction. These intertwined trends reflect both economic transitions ...in these markets and the racial-spatial reordering of US cities. In this paper we draw on the case of Detroit to tie bulk foreclosure sales to the rising rates of eviction and patterns of dispossession in the decade that followed. These markets are now dominated by speculative bulk buyers, exploitative contract selling, and eviction. We situate this transition within strategies of accumulation by dispossession and the economic logics of expulsion. We utilize multiple property data sets, court records, participant observation, and interviews to demonstrate the link between foreclosure markets, speculative purchasing, contract sales, and subsequent evictions. We situate these finding within the longer history of racial housing exploitation in US cities and argue the outcomes of displacement and dispossession in the complex chains of relations between finance, speculation, and the state do not land in an arbitrary manner, but are tethered to the past and present racial-spatial ordering of US cities.
Research institutes are a major component of national innovation system. The Intellectual property management for research and development organizations (IPMRDO), a national standard of management ...system recommended by the Chinese government, has been implemented in China since January 1, 2017. As a new measure of intellectual property management, and a new member of the management systems, the IPMRDO has been underexplored. Using China as the context, we investigated the practice of the implementation of the IPMRDO in research institutes with the methods of questionnaire, interview and cases. It is found that the implementation of the standard has generated some positive effects, and is also faced with some practical difficulties. Implications are put forward for the management of intellectual property in research institutes.
Розкрито сутжсть комплексно! сощальна! послуги з формування життестшкост! Окреслено мету й оч!куван1 результату eid peanisauiiекспериментального периментального проекту з надання сощальна! послуги ...життестшкост! Наведено заедания уповноважених оргатв учасник!в проекту. Проанал!зовано умови участ! територ!ально! громади у запровадженн! комплексно! сощальна! послуги з формування життестшкостг Розглянуто шлях громади до формування життестшкост! Проанал!зовано труднощ! територ!альних громад на шляху до ефективного використання блага з точки зору İHmepecie !хжител1в, зокрема: облаштування прим!щення для надання комплексно! послуги та забезпечення його утримання з бюджету громади; велика к!льк!сть об'ект/в комунального майна, яке не використовуеться обо що знаходиться в занедбаному emani; значна частка комунально! ¡нфраструктури пошкоджена внасл!док повномасштабного росшського вторгнення, що стало справжн!м викликом для кожно! територюльно! громади тощо. Зазначено, що розвитку сощальних послуг у територ/альних громадах, зокрема послуги життестшKocmi, сприятиме ефективне використання ресурсу комунально! власност!, що передбачае: ¡нвентаризащю неявного комунального майна; визначення юлькост! об'ект/в комунально! власност! (у т. ч. по старостатам), прим!щення яких може бути використано для роботи надавач!в сощальних послуг, зокрема таких, яю eidnoeidaromb встановленим вимогам для надання послуги життестшкост/, з урахуванням географ!!' !х розташування (в!ддален!сть, к!льк!сть населения, можливють до!зду тощо), потреб населения конкретних населених пунктов (cmapocmamie) у сощальних послугах, залежно eid ежу, сощального становища, сощальних i демограф'1чних тенденщй тощо; формування eiÔKpumoï електронно! бази об'ектю комунально! власност!, на баз! яких можуть працювати потенщйн! надавач! сощальних послуг для залучения /защкавлення потенщйних партнеров, у тому числ! громадських орган!защй. Запропоновано механизм управлшня комунальним майном у контекст! актив/защ! щ! сощально! послуги життестшкост/ в умовах децентралвацИ та вшни.
PurposeThe upward rise of the prolonged payback period and the inability of the project to generate estimated income that has been linked with the irregular rent payments has been a major problem ...confronting real estate investment. Given the fact that real estate investment is a risky investment venture with a highly uncertain future stream of income, this paper examines the effectiveness of rent recovery strategies in the emerging Nigeria residential real estate practice.Design/methodology/approachThe study employed an exploratory research design. The study identified the five recovery strategies adopted by the estate surveying and valuation firms in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. The study adopts a purposive sampling method to select 52 registered estate firms in the study area and a questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale was used to elicit information. The data obtained were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics.FindingsThe result showed that the rent recovery strategies adopted by the respondents include email approach, rent reminder notice, adequate maintenance, eviction notice and dialogue approach. The perceived top-rated strategies that could influence estimated income were dialogue and rent reminder notice. Also, the findings showed the factors that influence the choice of strategy are property type, company policy and the proportion of rent to the tenant's income.Practical implicationsThe study has an implication for real estate investors and property practitioners regarding the willingness of the investors to invest in real estate investment.Originality/valueThis paper is relevant given the fact that the rental property market is prone to risk that could impede the regular streamflow of income. This serves as a need for examination of the effectiveness of adopted rent recovery strategies as it relates to real estate property management practice and investment viability.
The existing building stock causes 40% of the total energy consumption in the European Union. The high energy consumption together with ageing buildings put strong pressure on renovation of buildings ...and lowering of CO2 emissions. The Directives on Energy Performance of Buildings (EPBD) and Energy Efficiency (EED) were established to urge and steer the activities in the EU member countries.There are about 90,000 housing companies in Finland. They consist of 1,7 million apartments and 2,7 million residents, which makes housing companies a significant energy consumer. Around 50 % of the building stock in Finland was built between 1960s and 1980s. The average level of technical building systems is decent. Measures are still needed to tackle the increasing maintenance backlog and energy consumptionobjectives.Management of housing companies consists of the general meeting of apartment owners and a board elected by the general meeting. In addition, a vast majority of housing companies have a professional property manager whose role corresponds to CEO. The property manager’s expertise plays an essential role in planning and execution of maintenance and energy efficiency.The role of the property manager calls for multidisciplinary competencies and continuous learning. The CARE - Resource efficient caretaking of residential buildings project implemented flexible courses and training for property managers to enhance their technical understanding of energy efficient renovations and retrofit of new energy solutions.
Purpose This study aims to enrich our understanding of the characteristics of non-urban coworking spaces (CSs) that focus on corporate users, as well as the benefits that companies expect to gain ...from incorporating those CSs into their corporate real estate (CRE) portfolios. Design/methodology/approach This study leverages a series of in-depth interviews with owners and managers of CSs in non-urban locales that focus on serving corporate clients. Findings The research reveals various CS characteristics and forms within non-urban areas, focusing on corporate clients. It suggests that implementing a CS in corporate premises is perceived to enhance CRE use-value strategies with a focus on the employee's well-being, innovation and the attraction of talents. Moreover, exchange-value strategies with a focus on portfolio flexibility may benefit from the implementation of a CS. However, strategies related to life-cycle cost optimization or gains are not perceived to be supported. Social events for the surrounding neighborhood and the choice of location emerge as critical success factors for non-urban CSs. Besides infrastructure and connectivity, non-urban corporate-centric CSs built their location decisions rather on a personal connection to the location and place of residence of potential users than on lower rental prices. Originality/value This research pioneers in providing a comprehensive understanding of non-urban CSs, particularly in the context of their perceived implications for corporate real estate management. The nuanced perspectives it offers are invaluable for stakeholders looking to leverage CSs as part of their corporate strategies.
Purpose“Ill-maintenance of common areas” in multi-owner residential properties is described as the “tragedy of anti-commons problem”. The problem can be addressed by outsourcing the management of the ...property to a company possessing quality property management (PMGT) certification. The PMGT certification is normally hailed as an effective means of reassuring occupiers and prospective property buyers of the good level of quality of the property management to be expected. This study investigated whether PMGT certification carries with it a price premium for residential properties.Design/methodology/approachA fixed-effects modelling approach was employed in relation to a large residential properties dataset in Hong Kong, in the period 2009–2018.FindingsThe results indicate, on average, that the PMGT certification commands a price premium of between 3.3 and 3.9%. This premium can be called, the “tragedy of anti-commons premium (TAC premium)”. The results further suggest that significant price premium differences relate to the four different types of certifications studied. The price of a residential unit managed by a property management company (PMC) with Q-mark certification is about 3.4% higher than a unit managed by a non-certified PMC, ceteris paribus. Likewise, corresponding price premiums for units certified related to ISO9001 and HKMAQA certifications are 3.5 and 2.4%, respectively.Originality/valueTo the best of author's knowledge, this is the first attempt to investigate if there is any relationship between the property price premium attributed to “tragedy of anti-commons” and PMGT certification.
The fate of Chinese urban villages (chengzhongcun) has recently attracted both research and policy attention. Two important unaddressed questions are: what are the sources of informality in otherwise ...orderly Chinese cities; and, will village redevelopment policy eliminate informality in the Chinese city? Reflecting on the long-established study of informal settlements and recent research on informality, it is argued that the informality in China has been created by the dual urban–rural land market and land management system and by an underprovision of migrant housing. The redevelopment ofchengzhongcunis an attempt to eliminate this informality and to create more governable spaces through formal land development; but since it fails to tackle the root demand for unregulated living and working space, village redevelopment only leads to the replication of informality in more remote rural villages, in other urban neighbourhoods and, to some extent, in the redeveloped neighbourhoods.
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