The involvement of eleventh-century kings in ecclesiastical reform initiatives has usually been approached from the standpoint of their relationship with high-standing ecclesiastical institutions and ...their participation in the struggles for dominance between the cadres of lay and ecclesiastical elites. However, other associated phenomena, such as the increase in the number of grants of proprietary churches and monasteries, may have opened further arenas to royal intervention. This paper addresses the role of the kings of Pamplona as grantors of religious houses, as well as their participation in grants made by other actors, in order to assess the effects of their engagement in the sphere of proprietary churches and how it affected their position within the social and political edifice of the kingdom.
The phenomena of the proprietary churches is connected with the very beginnings of the Christianity in Moravia and later in Bohemia, too. The founders of the churches of the period of the 9th and ...10th century were – as attested by the sources – only the members of Mojmirid and Přemyslid dynasty, the rank of Slavník who founded the church in Libice is still a matter of discusion. From the 11th century on, the increasing number of documents tells us that the other members of elites – magnates or majors – founded their churches. The founders and their posterity definitely had a considerable influence on the function of these churches, appointed priests and decided or co-decided how the incomes of the churches will be used. The conclusion, that by this only their economical interests were served, is however to be rejected. The founders not only strengthened their prestige, but they were also motivated by their belief and hope for salvation. Since the half of the 12th century the number of proprietary churches increased rapidly, the members of the elite (retinues) holding now the hereditary lands started to settle on their properties and built late-romanesque churches next to the court residences. This phase of development (until the end of the phenomena of the proprietary churches during the emancipation of the Bohemian church in the first third of the 13th century) is however not a part of this paper.
Steffen Patzold's recent book on priests in the Carolingian era invites reflection about methods in legal history, interwoven lay and clerical participation in religious activity, the meaning of ...ecclesial reform, and the application of new scholarship to materials previously framed with early twentieth-century analysis.
U ovom razdoblju povijesti Crkve promatramo povijesni razvoj
župe od Milanskog edikta preko seoba naroda pa do Tridentskog
koncila. U tom vremenu dogodile su se vrlo značajne promjene, koje
su bitno ...utjecale i na formiranje župa. Kršćanstvo postaje najprije
dopuštenom, a potom i državnom religijom. No s pokrštavanjem
širih narodnih masa javlja se i potreba za boljom i sustavnom
organizacijom. Stoga kršćanstvo preuzima organizacijski oblik
najprije rimskoga državnog uređenja i zakonodavstva, a potom
germanskog. U isto vrijeme pomalo se formiraju župe, a do konca
tog razdoblja zapravo poprimaju oblik i strukturu kakvu uglavnom
imaju i danas.
U radu se koristimo brojnim relevantnim povijesno-pastoralnim
studijama, osobito s njemačkoga govornog područja.
Prikazom i analizom brojnih povijesnih momenata i svega onog
što je u ovom razdoblju utjecalo na nastanak, razvoj i oblik župe,
pokazuje se povijesnost župe i (župnog) pastoralnog djelovanja,
odnosno određena povijesno-kulturološka uvjetovanost iz koje
također možemo zaključiti kako se župa i ukupni pastoralni rad
i danas moraju usklađivati s prilikama u kojima kršćani žive, a
ne ostati navezani na određene forme koje su isključivo produkt
povijesno-kulturoloških interakcija, koje su u svojem vremenu i
prostoru bile opravdane, ali koje se danas moraju nadomjestiti
oblicima župno-pastoralnoga djelovanja prilagođenima današnjem
čovjeku, vremenu i prostoru.
V. Zum Patronatsrecht in Hessen Eckhardt, Wilhelm A.
Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte. Kanonistische Abteilung,
8/2015, Letnik:
101, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
On the rights of patronage in Hesse - patronal churches of the Schencken zu Schweinsberg. The starting point for this study is a charter of the year 1235, by which Archbishop Siegfried III of Mainz ...exempted the chapel of Elnhausen from the mother churches Michelbach and Oberweimar near Marburg “de consensu patronorum vel advocatorum Guntrami scilicet et Wideroldi de Marburg”. At issue are the following questions: 1. Are the expressions patronus and advocatus synonymous here? - 2. Who was patron in Michelbach, who in Oberweimar, and how did the rights of patronage of both churches come down to the Schencken of Schweinsberg, who held them from the 16
century? - 3. Are we dealing with what had earlier been proprietary churches, where features of this right may possibly have survived, or with patronal churches of a new legal order, and how did the Reformation affect the right of presentation and the ecclesiastical rights of the patrons?
Z: Ausgangspunkt der Studie zu den Patronatsrechten ist eine Urkunde von 1235, mit der Erzbischof Siegfried III. von Mainz die Kapelle in Elnhausen aus den Mutterkirchen Michelbach und Oberweimar bei Marburg „de consensu patronorum vel advocatorum Guntrami scilicet et Wideroldi de Marburg“ eximierte. Es geht um die Beantwortung folgender Fragen: 1. Sind die Begriffe patronus und advocatus hier gleichzusetzen? - 2. Wer war Patron in Michelbach, wer in Oberweimar, und wie kamen die Patronatsrechte beider Kirchen an die Schencken zu Schweinsberg, die sie seit dem 16. Jahrhundert innehaben? - 3. Geht es um frühere Eigenkirchen, bei denen sich vielleicht eigenkirchenrechtliche Züge erhalten haben, oder um Patronatskirchen neuen Rechts, und wie wirkte sich die Reformation auf das Präsentationsrecht und auf die Ehrenrechte der Patrone aus?
En el texto se analiza la extensión que el obispado de Calahorra, durante los siglos XII-XIII y a través de sus iglesias, llevó a cabo en el ámbito local de Álava. Las diferentes escalas de análisis ...muestran realidades diferentes en el proceso. A nivel macro parece que se implantó una estructura organizativa básica, basada en el esquema parroquia < arciprestazgo < arcedianato < obispado, en la primera mitad del siglo XII. A nivel micro, sin embargo, la presencia de esta jerarquía administrativa no supuso una afirmación paralela e inmediata del poder episcopal sobre las iglesias locales. Los documentos evidencian la conflictividad entre los actores que controlaban estos templos y sus rentas, así como los tres grandes obstáculos con los que tuvo que lidiar la diócesis de Calahorra en su expansión: el control monasterial de las iglesias y sus rentas, la devolución de préstamos a la nobleza y los problemas en el cobro de los censos eclesiásticos.
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