Studies have identified viscous dietary fiber as potentially attenuating cholesterol, including psyllium, which reduces LDL cholesterol and thus may complement cardiovascular disease (CVD) treatment.
...The aims of this study were to update evidence on the effect of psyllium on LDL cholesterol and to provide an assessment of its impact on alternate markers: non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B (apoB).
Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched through 3 October 2017. Independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed risk of bias. We included randomized controlled trials with a duration of ≥3 wk that assessed the effect of psyllium on blood lipids in individuals with or without hypercholesterolemia. Data were pooled by using the generic inverse variance method with random-effects models and expressed as mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran's Q statistic and quantified by the I2 statistic. Overall quality of the evidence was assessed by using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach.
We included 28 trials in our analysis (n = 1924). Supplementation of a median dose of ∼10.2 g psyllium significantly reduced LDL cholesterol (MD = –0.33 mmol/L; 95% CI: –0.38, –0.27 mmol/L; P < 0.00001), non-HDL cholesterol (MD = –0.39 mmol/L; 95% CI: –0.50, –0.27 mmol/L; P < 0.00001), and apoB (MD = –0.05 g/L; 95% CI: –0.08, –0.03 g/L; P < 0.0001). Effect estimates for LDL cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol were graded as moderate quality on the basis of downgrades for inconsistency and graded as high quality for apoB.
Psyllium fiber effectively improves conventional and alternative lipids markers, potentially delaying the process of atherosclerosis-associated CVD risk in those with or without hypercholesterolemia. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03346733.
Author's Response McRorie, Jr, Johnson W; McKeown, Nicola M
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,
05/2017, Letnik:
117, Številka:
5
Journal Article
•Many adults do not consume the recommended 25 to 30 g of dietary fiber per day.•Clinical trials have shown that 10 to 21 g of psyllium daily improves blood lipids.•Clinical trials have demonstrated ...that 6 to 8 g of oat bran β-glucan daily improves blood lipids.•Clinical trials have found that 10 to 15 g of PolyGlycopleX daily improves blood lipids.•Effects of these fibers on weight, hypertension, and blood glucose need clarification.
The persistent obesity crisis, with its increased risk for the metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD), continues to damage the health of populations globally, including children. Diets rich in the fiber provided by fruit and vegetables support good metabolic health, although few adults and children achieve the recommended daily target. Daily fiber supplementation, particularly with soluble fiber products, such as psyllium, oat bran, or a newer product such as PolyGlycopleX, may provide a convenient solution. Literature searches were conducted to identify original research articles, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses with the search terms psyllium, oat bran, PolyGlycopleX, and PGX, AND adults and children AND overweight, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Data source was Embase and PubMed from 1980 to 2017. The results show that the addition of a soluble fiber product, most notably psyllium, improves blood lipid profiles, particularly total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, as well as glycemic response, and increases satiety, and by thus improving MetS and CVD risk factors, may augment the processes initiated by weight reduction diets. Although less studied than psyllium, the available evidence has shown that β-glucan present in oat bran has a beneficial effect on MetS and CVD risk factors, particularly blood lipids and glycemia. Early research has found PolyGlycopleX to provide similar benefits to other soluble fiber products, and suggest it may also assist with weight loss. This critical review demonstrates that soluble fiber supplements used as an adjunct to dietary and lifestyle modifications may assist with the treatment of CVD and MetS risk factors. More research is needed to further clarify the benefits of PolyGlycopleX in particular, as well as to develop safe and efficacious recommendations for fiber supplementation of all types for children in general.
Polysaccharides isolated from natural products, have raised an increasing interest due to their variety of beneficial health effects. Plantago spp., a valuable Chinese herbal plant, has a long ...history of cultivation and is widely accepted as traditional herbal medicines and functional foods in Asian counties. Polysaccharide is a very important biological active ingredient in the Plantago spp., which has a variety of biological effects, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and hypoglycemic activities, among others. A large number of articles have been reported the structural identification and activity evaluation of psyllium polysaccharides. However, the structure-activity relationship of psyllium polysaccharides has not been well established. Therefore, this review focused on the extraction, purification, structural characterization, chain conformation, and biological activities of psyllium polysaccharides, which can provide useful research underpinnings and updated information for the development and application of related polysaccharides in functional foods and medicinal field.
•Plantago spp. is a very valuable medicinal plant.•Polysaccharide is one of the important bioactive compounds in Plantago spp.•Extraction, structural features, chain conformation and bioactives were discussed in detail.•The relationship between structure and biological activities was addressed.
A number of health benefits are associated with intake of soluble, viscous, gel-forming fibers, including reduced serum cholesterol and the attenuation of postprandial glucose excursions.
We assess ...the effects of psyllium, which is a soluble, gel-forming, nonfermented fiber supplement, on glycemic control in patients who were being treated for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and in patients who were at risk of developing T2DM.
A comprehensive search was performed of available published literature (Scopus scientific database) and clinical records stored by Procter & Gamble with the use of key search terms to identify clinical studies that assessed the glycemic effects of psyllium in nondiabetic, pre-T2DM, and T2DM patients.
We identified 35 randomized, controlled, clinical studies that spanned 3 decades and 3 continents. These data were assessed in 8 meta-analyses. In patients with T2DM, multiweek studies (psyllium dosed before meals) showed significant improvement in both the fasting blood glucose (FBG) concentration (-37.0 mg/dL; P < 0.001) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) -0.97% (-10.6 mmol/mol); P = 0.048. Glycemic effects were proportional to baseline FBG; no significant glucose lowering was observed in euglycemic subjects, a modest improvement was observed in subjects with pre-T2DM, and the greatest improvement was observed in subjects who were being treated for T2DM.
These data indicate that psyllium would be an effective addition to a lifestyle-intervention program. The degree of psyllium's glycemic benefit was commensurate with the loss of glycemic control. Because the greatest effect was seen in patients who were being treated for T2DM, additional studies are needed to determine how best to incorporate psyllium into existing prevention and treatment algorithms with concomitant hypoglycemic medications.
Controlling hunger between meals is a challenge for many individuals. This manuscript comprises 2 sequential clinical trials investigating the effects of psyllium (Metamucil) on satiety, both using a ...randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design. The first study determined the effects of 3.4 g, 6.8 g, and 10.2 g of psyllium taken before breakfast and lunch for 3 days. The second study determined the effects of 6.8 g (taken before breakfast and lunch on Days 1 and 2 and before breakfast on Day 3) on the satiety of participants receiving an energy restricted meal in the morning (breakfast) for 3 days. Efficacy endpoints were mean inter-meal hunger, desire to eat, and Satiety Labeled Intensity Magnitude Visual Analog Scale scores. In Study 1, all 3 psyllium doses resulted in directional or statistically significant mean reductions in hunger and desire to eat, and increased fullness between meals compared to placebo, with both higher doses better than placebo or 3.4 g. The 6.8 g dose provided more consistent (p ≤ 0.013) satiety benefits versus placebo. In Study 2, satiety was assessed similarly to Study 1. A significant (p ≤ 0.004) decrease in the 3-day mean hunger and desire to eat, as well as an increase in fullness for psyllium relative to placebo was observed. Most adverse events were mild gastrointestinal symptoms and were similar for psyllium compared to placebo. These results indicate that psyllium supplementation contributes to greater fullness and less hunger between meals.
Background: Previous studies reported inconsistent findings regarding the effects of psyllium supplementation on obesity measures. This systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to summarize ...data from available randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on the effect of psyllium supplementation on body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) in adults.
Methods: PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched to identify relevant articles up to August 2018. The effect sizes were presented as weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) by using random effects model. To detect dose-response relationships, we used fractional polynomial modeling.
Results: A total of 22 RCTs were included. Meta-analysis did not find any significant effect of psyllium supplementation on body weight (MD: −0.28 kg, 95% CI: −0.78, 0.21, p = 0.268), BMI (MD: −0.19 kg/m
2
, 95% CI: −0.55, 0.15, p = 0.27) and WC (MD: −1.2 cm, 95% CI: −2.6, 0.2, p = 0.09). Subgroup analysis showed that psyllium dosage, kind of psyllium administration, duration of trial, study design, sample size, and gender were potential sources of heterogeneity. Moreover, there was nonlinear association between duration of psyllium consumption, BMI and WC.
Conclusion: Psyllium supplementation does not reduce body weight, BMI, and WC significantly.
•Psyllium seed gum (PSG)-based active and pH-sensitive films were developed.•The pH-sensitive pigments were free and encapsulated mulberry pomace extract (MPE).•PSG-MPE films increased total phenolic ...content and antioxidant capacity.•PSG-MPE films displayed wide color difference from red to blue with pH 2.0 – 12.0.•PSG-free and microencapsulated MPE films have active and intelligent functions.
Intelligent packaging with a pH indicator has been a hot research topic due to its extra active role compared with traditional ones. Considering the possible toxicity of synthetic pH sensitive pigments, natural pigments are promising alternative indicators. This work aimed to develop and characterize active and pH sensitive films based on psyllium seed gum (PSG) incorporated with free and microencapsulated mulberry pomace extracts (MPE). Compared with PSG control film, PSG-MPE films showed an increase in total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity, and decrease in surface hydrophobicity, lightness, and tensile strength. The molecular interactions between PSG and MPE were confirmed by thermal and microstructure analysis. Moreover, PSG-MPE films displayed wide color differences from red to blue at pH 2.0 – 12.0. PSG-based films containing 10% free and microencapsulated MPE demonstrated better overall performance and economy in packaging applications, which could be used as promising active and pH-sensitive food packaging materials.
Here, the simultaneous effect of chemo- and photothermal therapy against epidermoid carcinoma (EC) was investigated. A novel hydrogel, termed bionanogel (BNG), was designed using psyllium mucilage ...polysaccharide and bacterial gellan gum, incorporated with nanocomplex carrying caffeic acid (CA) and IR-820, and further characterized. The dual effect of BNG and 808 nm laser (BNG + L) on EC was investigated. Staining and scratch assays were performed to analyze their therapeutic effect on EC. In vivo evaluations of BNG + L in xenograft models were performed. Rapid transition, limited swelling, degradability and high tensile strength indicated BNG stability and sustained drug release. Irradiation with 808 nm laser light at 1.25 W /cm2 for 4 min resulted in a temperature increase of 53 °C and facilitated cell ablation. The in vitro studies showed that BNG + L suppressed cancer progression via a late apoptotic effect. The in vivo study showed that the slow release of CA from BNG + L significantly attenuated EC with low mitotic index and downregulation of proteins involved in cancer proliferation such as EGFR, AKT, PI3K, ERK, mTOR and HIF-1α. Thus, BNG could be a novel medium for targeted and controlled drug delivery for the treatment of epidermoid cancer when triggered by NIR light.
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•Psyllium polysaccharide-gellan gum hydrogel was loaded with NC to form bionanogel.•Sustained release of caffeic acid within tumor microenvironment was evinced under NIR light.•Chemo-photothermal therapeutic effect showed late apoptotic effect on epidermoid cancer cells.•Histological analysis showed reduction in mitosis which inhibited cellular proliferation.•Proteins involved in cancer cell multiplication were down regulated during treatment.•Prepared novel bionanogel with PTT could be a potential treatment regimen for skin cancers.
A composite film composed of whey protein isolate (WPI) and psyllium seed gum (PSG) was investigated. Its physicochemical, mechanical and structural properties were determined at different ratios of ...WPI/PSG (1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1). WPI/PSG composite films had higher water contact angle and water vapor permeability, as well as lower oxygen permeability and light transmittance as compared with single WPI or PSG films. With the increase in PSG concentration, higher film brightness and whiteness index, and smaller total color difference were observed. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of the composite film at WPI/PSG ratio of 1:1 was the highest. Elongation at break of composite films was higher than that of the single films. WPI/PSG composite films were more effective than single films in reducing the surface cracks and degree of cracks. XRD revealed a typical semi-crystalline amorphous structure of the composite films. With the increase of the PSG content, higher diffraction peak strength and crystallinity of the films were observed. The results indicated that the properties of the WPI/PSG composite film were superior to that of PSG or WPI film alone. The composite film at WPI/PSG ratio of 1:1 resulted in the highest comprehensive physicochemical and mechanical performance.
•Composite films exhibited better barrier properties than single films.•Mechanical properties of WPI/PSG composite films were strengthened.•WPI/PSG films showed a typical semi-crystalline amorphous structure.
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