The past two decades have seen a considerable increase in the amount of public information provided by policymakers. Are such disclosures desirable? Or is it instead preferable to use such ...information to condition a policy instrument, such a tax or an interest rate? This paper studies the relative merits of each means to use a policymaker’s information in a flexible class of economies that feature dispersed information, and payoff and learning externalities. I provide conditions for when the exclusive use of a policy instrument or disclosure is optimal. I then relate these to differences in the equilibrium and socially optimal use of information. I conclude with a series of applications that show how my results apply to common beauty-contest models, competitive economies, and a broad class of macroeconomic models, among others.
The past two decades have seen a considerable increase in the amount of public information providedby policymakers. Are such disclosures desirable? Or is it instead preferable to use such information ...tocondition a policy instrument, such a tax or an interest rate? This paper studies the relative merits of eachmeans to use a policymaker’s information in a flexible class of economies that feature dispersed information,and payoff and learning externalities. I provide conditions for when the exclusive use of a policy instrumentor disclosure is optimal. I then relate these to differences in the equilibrium and socially optimal use ofinformation. I conclude with a series of applications that show how my results apply to common beautycontest models, competitive economies, and a broad class of macroeconomic models, among others.
Scholars have increasingly focused on the role of the family within border enforcement practices. In this paper, we build on and extend these research efforts to propose a research agenda driven by a ...new understanding of the relationship between families and immigration enforcement. Drawing on examinations of emerging enforcement strategies, including family separation and public information campaigns, we suggest that the family as a social unit and set of relationships is increasingly targeted within the regulation of transnational migration, what we term “relational enforcement.” Greater attention to relational enforcement tactics, processes, and impacts helps to frame geographies of border enforcement.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
The Act on access to public information (i.e. Journal of Laws of 2020, item 2176; hereinafter referred to as the Act on Access to Public Information) provides that everyone is entitled, subject to ...Art. 5, the right to access public information, and the person exercising the right to public information may not be required to demonstrate a legal or factual interest. Despite the fact that the Act has been operating in the legal order for nearly 20 years, there are still significant interpretative doubts regarding the basic ones that affect the interpretation, and thus the application of this Act. One of such concepts is used in art. 2 u.d.i.p. the concept of "everyone". In the voted judgment, the Supreme Administrative Court indicated that the Court of first instance interpreted the phrase "everyone" too categorically, assuming that the attribute of a state legal person made it impossible to file a motion for disclosure of public information to an authority. According to the Supreme Administrative Court, u.d.i.p. this type of entities (entities of the public finance sector - own footnote) in each case does not prevent the possibility of submitting a request for disclosure of public information. The question then arises whether against the background of u.d.i.p. "Everyone is everyone", and if not "everyone" is also a unit of the public finance sector. In the author's opinion, the NSA made a wrong assumption, not taking into account all the issues related to the analyzed problem.
Cefalu et al detail the conclusions and recommendations reached by the American Diabetes Association's Insulin Access and Affordability Working Group in terms of finding solutions to the insulin ...affordability problem. Throughout 2017, the Working Group assembled existing public information about insulin prices and patient cost-sharing, and convened a series of meetings with stakeholders throughout the insulin supply chain to learn how each entity affects the cost of insulin for the consumer. The Working Group identified increased transparency throughout the insulin supply chain and a number of other interventions as important steps toward developing viable, long-term solutions to improve insulin access and affordability.
...of these policies and public information and education campaigns, Chinese citizens started to take measures to protect themselves against COVID-19, such as staying at home as far as possible, ...limiting social contacts, and wearing protective masks when they needed to move in public. ...the Chinese Government encouraged and supported grassroots activities for routine screening, contact tracing, and early detection and medical care of COVID-19 patients, and it promoted hand washing, surface disinfection, and the use of protective masks through social marketing and media. ...governments should tailor the design of such outbreak-control closure periods to the specific epidemic characteristics of the novel disease, such as the incubation period and transmission routes.
The COVID-19 outbreak is a global pandemic with community circulation in many countries, including the United States, with confirmed cases in all states. The course of this pandemic will be shaped by ...how governments enact timely policies and disseminate information and by how the public reacts to policies and information. Here, we examine information-seeking responses to the first COVID-19 case public announcement in a state. Using an event study framework for all US states, we show that such news increases collective attention to the crisis right away. However, the elevated level of attention is short-lived, even though the initial announcements are followed by increasingly strong policy measures. Specifically, searches for “coronavirus” increased by about 36% (95% CI: 27 to 44%) on the day immediately after the first case announcement but decreased back to the baseline level in less than a week or two. We find that people respond to the first report of COVID-19 in their state by immediately seeking information about COVID-19, as measured by searches for coronavirus, coronavirus symptoms, and hand sanitizer. On the other hand, searches for information regarding community-level policies (e.g., quarantine, school closures, testing) or personal health strategies (e.g., masks, grocery delivery, over-the-counter medications) do not appear to be immediately triggered by first reports. These results are representative of the study period being relatively early in the epidemic, and more-elaborate policy responses were not yet part of the public discourse. Further analysis should track evolving patterns of responses to subsequent flows of public information.
This paper evaluates the effectiveness of a public information campaign, which was conducted on a major Greek Island (Syros), aimed at reducing plastic waste - and specifically plastic bags - in the ...local coastal/marine environment. A choice experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects on individual preferences for reducing plastic waste pollution under different status of environmental awareness, after the information campaign. The evaluation process was quite independent of the information campaign. Two samples of respondents were taken; one consisting of participants in the environmental campaign and the other consisting of non-participants. The results show: (a) significant differences between the preferences of the two samples; (b) variations in the willingness to pay values between the two samples for protection of the coastal/marine environment, but; (c) not significant differences in their commitment to take action (i.e. in their willingness to alter their current plastic bag use behavior).
•The effect of an information campaign on the impact of plastic bags was evaluated.•A choice experiment was used to assess the added value of information•Different attributes were selected to describe various marine ecosystem services.•Clear economic benefits can be obtained from protecting the marine environment.•The information campaign significantly influenced the preferences of participants.
Non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) are used to reduce transmission of SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, empirical evidence of the ...effectiveness of specific NPIs has been inconsistent. We assessed the effectiveness of NPIs around internal containment and closure, international travel restrictions, economic measures, and health system actions on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in 130 countries and territories.
We used panel (longitudinal) regression to estimate the effectiveness of 13 categories of NPIs in reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission using data from January to June 2020. First, we examined the temporal association between NPIs using hierarchical cluster analyses. We then regressed the time-varying reproduction number (R
) of COVID-19 against different NPIs. We examined different model specifications to account for the temporal lag between NPIs and changes in R
, levels of NPI intensity, time-varying changes in NPI effect, and variable selection criteria. Results were interpreted taking into account both the range of model specifications and temporal clustering of NPIs.
There was strong evidence for an association between two NPIs (school closure, internal movement restrictions) and reduced R
. Another three NPIs (workplace closure, income support, and debt/contract relief) had strong evidence of effectiveness when ignoring their level of intensity, while two NPIs (public events cancellation, restriction on gatherings) had strong evidence of their effectiveness only when evaluating their implementation at maximum capacity (e.g. restrictions on 1000+ people gathering were not effective, restrictions on < 10 people gathering were). Evidence about the effectiveness of the remaining NPIs (stay-at-home requirements, public information campaigns, public transport closure, international travel controls, testing, contact tracing) was inconsistent and inconclusive. We found temporal clustering between many of the NPIs. Effect sizes varied depending on whether or not we included data after peak NPI intensity.
Understanding the impact that specific NPIs have had on SARS-CoV-2 transmission is complicated by temporal clustering, time-dependent variation in effects, and differences in NPI intensity. However, the effectiveness of school closure and internal movement restrictions appears robust across different model specifications, with some evidence that other NPIs may also be effective under particular conditions. This provides empirical evidence for the potential effectiveness of many, although not all, actions policy-makers are taking to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
•Meta-analysis reinterprets influential evaluations of social accountability through a new lens.•The “what works” question needs to distinguish between tactical and strategic approaches.•Tactical ...approaches assume problems are local and information is power.•Strategic approaches scale up collective action & bolster state capacity to respond.•Conclusion: voice needs teeth to have bite – but teeth may not bite without voice.
Empirical evidence of tangible impacts of social accountability initiatives is mixed. This meta-analysis reinterprets evaluations through a new lens: the distinction between tactical and strategic approaches to the promotion of citizen voice to contribute to improved public sector performance. Field experiments study bounded, tactical interventions based on optimistic assumptions about the power of information alone, both to motivate collective action and to influence the state. Enabling environments for collective action combined with bolstered state capacity to respond to citizen voice are more promising. Sandwich strategies can help ‘voice’ and ‘teeth’ to become mutually empowering, through state–society synergy.
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