Synergistic effect of dimethomorph (DIM) and pyrimethanil (PYM) was evaluated using the Wadley method and the molecular mechanism of the antifungal effects of the combined treatment was ...systematically investigated. DIM+PYM had a synergistic effect on Phytophthora capsici, with the synergistic effect being observed at 5:1, at which the synergy coefficient was 1.8536. The mycelia of the pathogen treated with DIM+PYM were branched, uneven in thickness, and swollen. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that DIM+PYM caused mycelium breaks, swelling, and apex enlargement, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed structural damage, cavities, and cell membrane morphological abnormalities. DIM+PYM inhibited the growth of mycelia, destroyed the cell membrane, interfered with energy metabolism, reduced protein and sugar content. Additionally, the transcriptome and metabolome of fungi treated with DIM+PYM changed significantly; specifically, there were 1571 differentially expressed genes and 802 differential metabolites. DIM+PYM may mainly damage the cell membrane, energy, protein, soluble sugar pathways.
•Novel mixed with fungicide was found for the control of Phytophthora capsici•Synergistic mechanism of DIM+PYM was first reported•Synergistic mechanism of DIM+PYM was analyzed by the multiomics
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•ST photocatalyst was synthesized and exerted optimal performance at S/Ti molar ratio of 0.25.•The ST/Oxone/Vis LED process was demonstrated in the PYR photodegradation and proven ...efficient at pH ranged from 2.9 to 8.1.•SO4•-, •OH, 1O2, O2•-, and h+ were identified as the reactive species involved in ST/Oxone/Vis LED process.•Chloride and humic acid exhibited positive effect on ST/Oxone/Vis LED process.•PYR was degraded via four major pathways and mineralized to H2O and CO2.
The degradation of pyrimethanil (PYR) was investigated through the activation of oxone by the S-TiO2 (ST) photocatalyst under visible LED irradiation. The catalyst characterization revealed that the sulfur doping mechanism was based on the cation (S6+) substitution of Ti4+ in TiO2 lattice. The optimal molar ratio of S/Ti at 0.25 was proven efficient in the PYR degradation. Influences of various reaction parameters including ST loading, oxone dosage, PYR concentration, and initial solution pH were examined. SO4•-, •OH, 1O2, O2•-, and h+ were found to be the reactive species generated in the ST/Oxone/Vis LED process. Different natural water constituents exerted dissimilar effects because of the generation of additional reactive species or their radical scavenging capabilities. Moreover, the reusability test indicates the ST photocatalyst is reusable and stable. A series of degradation intermediates was detected via four major degradation pathways. Overall, the ST/Oxone/Vis LED process was demonstrated to be a promising approach for the removal of organic pollutants.
Pyrimethanil (PMT) is an anilinopyrimidine bactericide with poor water solubility, which limits its applications. To improve the physical and chemical properties of PMT, ...hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin/pyrimethanil inclusion compound nanofibers (HPβCD/PMT-IC-NFs) were fabricated via electrospinning. A variety of analytical techniques were used to confirm the formation of the inclusion compound. Scanning electron microscopy image displayed that HPβCD/PMT-IC-NF was homogeneous without particles. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the formation of the inclusion compound improved the thermostability of PMT. In addition, the phase solubility test illustrated that the inclusion compound formed by PMT and HPβCD had a stronger water solubility. The antifungal effect test exhibited that HPβCD/PMT-IC-NF had better antifungal properties. The release experiment confirmed that HPβCD/PMT-IC-NF had a sustained-release effect, and the release curve conformed to the first-order kinetic model equation. In short, the fabrication HPβCD/PMT-IC-NF inhibited improved solubility and thermostability of PMT, thus promoting the development of pesticide dosage form to water-based and low-pollution direction.
Pyrimethanil is a broad-spectrum fungicide commonly used in the prevention and treatment of Botrytis cinerea. However, little information is available in the literature to show the toxicity of ...Pyrimethanil to cardiac development. In this study, we used an experimental animal model to explore the developmental and cardiac toxicity of Pyrimethanil in aquatic vertebrates; we exposed zebrafish embryos to Pyrimethanil at concentrations of 2, 4, and 6 mg/L from 5.5 to 72 h post fertilisation. We found that Pyrimethanil caused a decrease in the hatching rate, heart rate, and survival rate of zebrafish embryos. Pyrimethanil exposure also resulted in pericardial and yolk sac edema, spinal deformity, and heart loop failure. Moreover, Pyrimethanil increased reactive oxygen stress levels and heightened the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase. Alterations were induced in the transcription of apoptosis-related genes (p53, Bax, Bcl2, Casp 9, and Casp6l1) and heart development-related genes (Tbx2b, Gata4, Myh6, Vmhc, Nppa, Bmp2b, Bpm 4, and Bpm 10). Our data showed that the activation of Wnt signalling by BML-284 could partially rescue the malformed phenotype caused by Pyrimethanil. Our results provide new evidence for Pyrimethanil’s toxicity and the danger of its residues in the environment and agricultural products.
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•Pyrimethanil can reduce early embryo survival rate, heart rate, and cause pericardial edema.•Pyrimethanil can cause pericardial edema, yolk sac edema, spinal deformity, the heart to loop failure.•Pyrimethanil can increase the ROS content, and induced alterations in transcription levels of apoptosis related genes.•Bml-284 (agonist of Wnt signaling pathway) could partially rescue the malformed phenotype by Pyrimethanil.
With the extensive use of pesticides, the problem of pesticide residues has become people's concern. In this work, NiCo2S4 nanoneedle arrays grown on an electrospun graphitized carbon nanofiber film ...(NiCo2S4/GCNF) is successfully prepared by a simple two-step hydrothermal method, and further applied to detection of fungicide pyrimethanil (PMT). NiCo2S4 arrays exhibit a unique core-shell structure with rough surface, providing abundant electrochemically active sites exposed to the electrolyte. The NiCo2S4/GCNF modified electrode displays excellent electrocatalytic activity, and the electrode surface is controlled both by diffusion and adsorption processes. When applied to PMT determination, NiCo2S4/GCNF sensor displays wide linear range from 0.06 to 800 μM with low detection limit (20 nM). Furthermore, the as-proposed sensor also displays other outstanding advantages, including simple preparation, low cost, perfect reproducibility and good application in practical samples. Such attracting analytical properties could be attributed to high electrocatalytic activity of NiCo2S4 and superior electrical conductivity of GCNF frameworks. In addition, the detailed oxidation mechanism of PMT at NiCo2S4/GCNF electrode was also studied. The results indicate that NiCo2S4/GCNF is a promising platform for PMT sensors.
NiCo2S4/GCNF is fabricated by hydrothermal process in steps that were produced NiCo2O4/GCNF and NiCo2S4/GCNF for the determination of pyrimethanil with wide linear range (0.06–800 μM) and low detection limit (20 nM). Display omitted
•NiCo2S4 nanoneedles growed on graphitic nanofiber film (NiCo2S4/GCNF) was prepared.•NiCo2S4 arrays provide abundant active sites exposed to the electrolyte.•NiCo2S4/GCNF sensor showed good sensing properties toward pyrimethanil detection.
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•Carrier-free delivery systems of pyrimethanil (PYR) were constructed through supramolecular self-assembly.•PYR nano cocrystal suspensions (NCSs) exhibited excellent photostability, ...thermal stability, and volatile stability.•PYR NCS demonstrated sustained-release properties and exhibited excellent long-term antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea.
The adverse effects resulting from off-target pesticide application pose significant risks to both ecosystems and public health. Therefore, developing a pesticide delivery system that is straightforward, effective, and devoid of secondary pollution is crucial for environmental safety. Herein, self-assembled crystalline materials involved pyrimethanil (PYR) and organic acids were constructed by crystal engineering. These materials allowed for direct manipulation of the physicochemical properties and environmental fate of PYR by the building modules. The melting point of PYR was increased from 96.19 °C to 206.69 °C. The photostability and volatile stability were improved by 3.85-fold and 297-fold, respectively. Afterwards, these crystalline materials were prepared as nano cocrystal suspensions (NCSs) in water by the one-pot method. The PYR NCSs exhibited potent bioactivity against Botrytis cinerea and demonstrated slow-release behavior. Upon foliar spraying, the PYR NCSs exhibited desirable foliar wettability with a contact angle lower than 36°. By limiting leaching into the soil and reducing environmental pesticide exposure, PYR NCS ensured the safety of both earthworms and plants. The structure–property relationships of PYR NCSs were elucidated through intermolecular interaction analysis and theoretical calculations. Overall, the NCSs constructed by the supramolecular chemistry strategy are characterized by the simple preparation, high bioactivity, stability, no carrier, slow-release, and minimal environmental risk, which offers insight for improving the utilization and sustainable management of pesticides.
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•Sensitive: carbon dots were sensitive to pyrimethanil (PMT) yielding LOD of 14 nM.•Selective: carbon dots were selective to PMT against several interferences.•Accurate: ...concentrations of PMT in real samples were accurately determined.•Reusable: paper-based sensor produced excellent results even after 8-time uses.•Fast: the sensor gave the detection results within 30 s.
Novel sensors based on fluorescent carbon dots were developed for a rapid, selective, and sensitive detection of pyrimethanil, a fungicide widely used in many agricultural crops. The carbon dots were synthesized from maleic anhydride and triethylenetetramine via a facile one-pot pyrolysis. A quenched fluorescence intensity of carbon dots in the presence of pyrimethanil occurred via inner filter effect and strong π-π interaction. The carbon dots were sensitive to pyrimethanil across a linear range from 0.5 to 75 µM with a low detection limit of 14 nM. The sensing results could be generated in 30 s. The fluorescent carbon dots showed excellent stability and selectivity to pyrimethanil in the presence of interferences, including fungicides and metal ions. They were also successfully employed for pyrimethanil detection in apples, cucumbers, and drinking water, yielding 98.6–107.1% recovery. The practical, portable, and reusable paper-based sensor was also developed. The cytotoxicity of carbon dots was tested to demonstrate that they are sufficiently safe to use. The novel pyrimethanil sensor based on fluorescent carbon dots developed in this work can be used as a high-performance sensor and a rapid tool for quality control in food, agricultural, and environmental monitoring.
In enchytraeid reproduction tests lambda-cyhalothrin and pyrimethanil were examined under three different soil moisture levels (30, 50 and 70 % of the soil water holding capacity). The tests were ...performed with Enchytraeus bigeminus Nielsen & Christensen, 1963, a species that differs from other enchytraeid test species by its asexual mode of reproduction (fragmentation). The effect of chemical stressors depended on the soil moisture content. A higher toxicity was observed in soil with lower moisture levels. For lambda-cyhalothrin, the 21-day EC50 values for reproduction at the three levels of soil moisture were calculated to be 1.33, 3.79 and 4.75 mg active substance/kg dry weight soil, respectively. For pyrimethanil the values were 435, 499 and 829 mg active substance/kg dry weight soil. Apart from the evaluation of the combined effects of chemical stress and soil moisture, the appropriateness of the fragmenting test species Enchytraeus bigeminus was assessed. E. bigeminus tolerated temperature and pH variations, allowed obtaining reliable concentration-response relationships and was easy to handle and to culture in the laboratory. Hence this fragmenting species is considered to be suitable as an additional test species in ecotoxicological standard tests.
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•Development a TiO2-P25/SiC foam photocatalytic material.•Photocatalytic treatment and photomineralization of Pyrimethanil.•Study of the photocatalytic degradation of fungicide ...commercial formulation.
Vine is one of the crops undergoing the most pesticide treatment. Due to the presence of pesticides residues in water and food, and the negative effects on human and wildlife health, it is necessary to develop an effective treatment. Photocatalytic oxidation using semiconductors is one of the advanced oxidation processes for degradation of organic pollutants in water and air. A TiO2 in nanopowder is an excellent photocatalyst that can mineralize a large range of organic pollutants such as pesticides and dyes. In order to eliminate the problems due to TiO2 nanoparticles, we have successfully supported TiO2 on β-SiC foams. The supporting material has been used to degrade Pyrimethanil molecule and its commercial formulation: Scala® a fungicide produced by BASF Company. After 4 h of treatment in our conditions, a 88% and 74% of Pyrimethanil and Scala was removed with a 58 and 47% of mineralization, respectively. These results are very encouraging because there is no need to filter to separate the catalyst from the treated water which is very important for a large-scale use of this process.
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