Fosfogips (FG) otpadni je nusproizvod (rezidua) koji potječe iz proizvodnje fosforne kiseline i fosfatnih mineralnih gnojiva. FG je kontaminiran kemijskim i radioaktivnim tvarima, stoga se uglavnom ...odlaže na kontroliranim odlagalištima. U svijetu se samo oko 15 % FG-a reciklira i ponovno koristi. U današnje vrijeme, političke i poslovne strategije stavljaju na prvo mjesto održivi razvoj kroz kružno gospodarstvo, a tu svoje mjesto može pronaći i FG. Time se stvaraju nove prilike u Republici Hrvatskoj za korištenje FG-a kao aditiva u različitim industrijama, od poljoprivrede do građevinske industrije. Zbog svojih kemijskih i radioloških svojstava, korištenje FG-a može potencijalno prouzročiti probleme za okoliš i ljudsko zdravlje. Stoga je prije korištenja nužno detaljno znanje o potencijalnim opasnostima FG-a kako bismo zaštitili ljude i okoliš. Cilj je ovoga preglednog rada sažeti dostupne podatke o FG-u u Republici Hrvatskoj, usporediti ih sa svjetskim podatcima i prepoznati nedostatke i manjak podataka o riziku koji nose potencijalno opasne tvari u FG-u.
Donošenjem Nacionalnog programa provedbe Strategije zbrinjavanja radioaktivnog otpada, iskorištenih izvora i istrošenog nuklearnog goriva, Vlada Republike Hrvatske je ratificirala Strategiju koja ...dijelom određuje gospodarenje reziduima. S obzirom na važeću legislativu bit će nužno regulatorno modificirati trenutačne i predvidjeti buduće rudarske i druge industrijske aktivnosti u kojima nastaju rezidui i pri kojima se manipulira reziduima. U radu se daje detaljan pregled legislative te preporuka i smjernica, u skladu s posljednjim dostignućima, za gospodarenje postojećim i budućim odlagalištima i mjestima za privremeno pohranjivanje rezidua.
By adopting the National Program for the Implementation of the Strategy for the Management of Radioactive Waste, Disused Sources and Spent Nuclear Fuel, the Government of the Republic of Croatia has ratified the Strategy, which partly defines the management of residues. Given the current legislation, it will be necessary to regulate modifications of the current as well as predict future mining and other industrial activities in which residues appear and are manipulated with. This paper gives a detailed review of relevant legislation, and state of the art recommendations and guidelines for the management of existing and future disposal sites and places for temporary storage of residues.
Phosphogypsum (PG) is a waste by-product (residue) originating from the production of phosphoric acid and phosphate fertilisers. PG contains chemical and radioactive impurities, which is why it is ...mostly stockpiled in controlled areas. Worldwide, only about 15 % of PG is recycled or reused. Today, policies and business strategies prioritise sustainable development through circular economy, which certainly includes PG. This provides new opportunities for Croatia to manage its PG and make an effort to use it as an additive in different industries, such as agriculture and construction. Due to its chemical and radiological properties, PG can potentially cause problems for the environment and human health. Hence, before using PG, detailed knowledge of potential hazards is necessary to protect people and the environment. The aim of this review is to summarise available data on Croatian PG, compare them with other countries, and to identify knowledge gaps and the lack of data on potential hazardous substances in PG in order to assess the opportunities of using PG in Croatia.
The assessment of environmental radioactivity much relies on radionuclide content in soil. This stems from the significant contribution of soil to both external and internal exposure to ionising ...radiation via direct emission of gamma radiation and soil-to-plant radionuclide transfer, respectively. This motivated us to carry out a systematic research on the radioactivity of soil in Croatia to obtain relevant data that can be used as a basis for understanding the related effects of geomorphological, biogeographical, and climatological properties of the environment. We collected samples of the surface layer of uncultivated soil (0–10 cm) at 138 sites from all over the country and measured them for radionuclide activity concentrations by means of high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. This resulted in radioactivity maps containing data on activity concentrations of representative radionuclides in the environment. In this paper, which is the first in our two-part presentation, we focus on the naturally occurring
Th and
U decay chains and their correlations with the diversity of Croatian regions. For both of the chains, activity concentrations were the highest in the Dinaric region, the lowest in the Pannonian region, and intermediate in the Adriatic region. Relatively high concentrations of
Ra in the soil of the Dinaric region implied a possibility of an enhanced emanation of its progeny
Rn into the air. Activity concentrations of
Pb were additionally elevated in areas with dense vegetation, most probably due to an atmospheric deposition of airborne
Pb onto the surface of plants and their eventual decomposition on the ground.
Papuk Nature Park, unlike most similar parks and preserves in the world, contains active quarries. Quarries dig stone from the ground, creating dust and exposing deeper, potentially more radioactive ...layers. Since the forest trails in the Park lead right up to the quarries, we believed it was important to determine the radiological impact of the quarries on the Park environment. We measured ambient dose rate equivalent
(10) and sampled moss at 26 Park locations along two of four quarries, along the road between them, and near Lake Orahovac, a very popular tourist destination close to the quarries. Moss is a standard bioindicator of exposure to heavy metals, including radionuclides. Using-gamma ray spectrometry we determined the activity concentration of
Cs and of representative naturally occurring radionuclides –
U,
Ra,
Pb,
Th, and
K – in sampled moss.
(10) at selected locations was similar to the background
(10) measured continuously all over Croatia. The ranges of measured activity concentrations of
Cs and naturally occurring radionuclides in moss did not differ significantly from other parts of Croatia and nearby countries.
We took samples of uncultivated soil from the surface layer (0–10 cm) at 138 sites from all over Croatia and measured their radionuclide activity concentrations with high-resolution gamma-ray ...spectrometry. This second part of our report brings the results on
K and
Cs to complement those on the
Th and
U decay chains addressed in the first part. Together they give the most complete picture of radioactivity of Croatian soil so far. Activity concentrations of
K were the highest in the Pannonian region, and there was an opposite trend for
Cs. We found that the concentrations of
Cs tended to increase with altitude, annual precipitation, and vegetation density. The concentration ratio of
Cs and K in soil, which indicates the potential for
Cs entering food chains via uptake by plants, was the lowest in agriculturally important areas in the east of the Pannonian region. In addition, we used the obtained results on activity concentrations to calculate the related absorbed dose rate as a measure of external exposure to ionising radiation from soil. The sum of the absorbed dose rates for naturally occurring radionuclides and
Cs showed that external exposure was generally the highest in the Dinaric region and Istrian Peninsula.
Dosedanje raziskave na področju erozije in procesov odlaganja talnih delcev v Sloveniji so uporabljale konvencionalne metode meritev. Prispevek predstavlja prednosti uporabe radionuklidov za oceno ...obsega prerazporeditve talne mase ter obravnava primer ocene izhodiščnega depozita 137Cs na neporušenem talnem profilu v Šalamencih v vzhodni Sloveniji. Ugotovljen izhodiščni depozit 137Cs za izbrano gozdno parcelo je bil 7316 ± 2525 Bq m–2 (koeficient variabilnosti 34 %, n = 20). Ti podatki bodo uporabljeni pri aplikaciji 137Cs metode v prihodnjih raziskavah o stopnji erozije in procesov odlaganja talnih delcev na okoliških kmetijskih zemljiščih.
U radu je dan pregled fizikalnih koncepata važnih za radioekologiju i radiotoksikologiju radi premošćivanja procjepa koji postoji između nefizičara u tim znanstvenim disciplinama i općenito ...kompliciranoga jezika fizike. Koristeći se deskriptivnim pristupom, uz samo onoliko matematike koliko je nužno, prezentirana je relevantna fizika, od fundamentalnih prirodnih sila do primjena fizikalnoga modeliranja u fenomenološkim studijama. Najprije je objašnjeno zašto su neke atomske jezgre nestabilne pa stoga transmutiraju, te koje su sile, čestice i zakoni očuvanja pritom uključeni. Potom se adresiraju interakcije ionizirajućega zračenja s materijom, što je temelj i radioekologije i radiotoksikologije. Prezentirani su relevantni prirodno pojavni i antropogeni radionuklidi te su razmatrana njihova svojstva u vezi s njihovom pojavnošću u okolišu te s toksičnošću za ljude i biotu. Pritom postoje kombinirani učinci fizikalnih i bioloških poluvremena života radionuklida, što valja uzeti u obzir pri svakoj radioekološkoj ili radiotoksikološkoj procjeni. Također je dan pregled osnova fizikalnoga modeliranja koje se uobičajeno koriste u studijama zdravstvenih učinaka izloženosti ionizirajućemu zračenju, što je primjenjivo na sve izvore zračenja, ali uz korištenje statističkih težinskih faktora koji ovise o vrsti zračenja i izloženom tkivu. Razmatrane su i tipične doze izloženosti za stohastičke i determinističke zdravstvene učinke, kao i kontraverze vezane uz hipotezu o linearnom odzivu bez praga pri vrlo niskim dozama.
Projekt ERICA (ekološki rizik od ionizirajućih onečišćivača: procjena i upravljanje) sufinanciran je od Europske unije u sklopu Šestog okvirnog programa (FP Euroatom). Projekt je proveden između ...2004. i 2007. godine kao kolektivni rad 15 organizacija u sedam europskih zemalja. Dva su značajna rezultata projekta: ERICA integrirani pristup i ERICA alat. ERICA integrirani pristup sastoji se od triju elemenata: procjene, karakterizacije rizika i upravljanja. ERICA alat je praktična primjena komponente procjene unutar ERICA integriranoga pristupa te ima trorazinsku strukturu. Cilj je ovoga rada dati ne samo kratak pregled rezultata projekta ERICA i njihove strukture nego i ažuriranja rezultata od njihova prvog objavljivanja 2007. godine, te pružiti kontekst za njihovu praktičnu primjenu u zaštiti okoliša od zračenja i procjeni radiološkoga rizika za razne inženjerske primjene.
The uranium ( 23 8U) decay series provides the most important isotopes of elements radium ( 226 Ra), radon ( 222 Rn), and polonium ( 210 Po) with half-lives of about 1600 years, 3.8 days, and 140 ...days, respectively. Although the chemical structure of radium is very similar to calcium, the fact that it produces a radioactive gas (radon) complicates its handling in the laboratory and natural environment. In this study, we used the average concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclide 226 Ra in drinking water at different parts of Iran to estimate the annual effective dose. In the other part of the study, we measured the concentrations of 210 Po in Iranian cigarettes to estimate the internal intake of this radionuclide and its concentration in the lung tissues of smokers. The results indicate that the average concentration of 226 Ra in Iranian drinking water was below the 100 mBq L -1 recommended by the World Health Organization while the average concentration of 210 Po and 210 Pb in Iranian cigarettes was relatively high in comparison with other cigarettes found on the market.
Uranijev ( 238 U) radioaktivni niz obuhvaća najvažnije izotope radija ( 226 Ra), radona ( 222 Rn) i polonija ( 210 Po), a poluvijek raspada im je 1600 godina za prvi element, 3,8 dana za drugi te 140 dana za treći. Premda je radijeva kemijska struktura vrlo sli _na kalcijevoj, rukovanje njime u laboratoriju i prirodnome okolišu otežano je _injenicom da proizvodi radioaktivni plin radon.S pomoću prosje _nih koncentracija prirodnoga radionuklida 226 Ra u pitkoj vodi izra _unali smo njegovu godišnju efektivnu dozu u razli _itim dijelovima Irana. U drugome smo istraživanju izmjerili koncentracije 210 Po u iranskim cigaretama i izra _unali njegov unos i koncentracije u plućnome tkivu. Naši rezultati upućuju na to da je prosje _na koncentracija 226 Ra u pitkoj vodi niža od 100 mBq L -1 koju preporu _uje Svjetska zdravstvena organizacija, dok je prosje _na koncentracija 210 Po i 210 Pb u iranskim cigaretama relativno visoka u odnosu na druge cigarete dostupne na tržištu.
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