This study was aimed to evaluate levels of neutrophil‐ (NLR), monocyte‐ (MLR), eosinophil‐ (ELR), and basophil‐lymphocyte ratio (BLR) and their association with inflammatory markers in systemic ...autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs). A total of 1139 SARD patients and 170 healthy individuals were enrolled. Clinical and laboratory data were extracted. NLR and MLR were significantly increased, but BLR decreased in most SARD patients (p < 0.05). ELR were significantly decreased in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, but increased in those with other SARDs (p < 0.001). In SLE patients, C‐reactive protein (CRP) showed positive correlation with NLR, MLR, and BLR. IgG negatively correlated with NLR, and did positively with ELR. IgM negatively correlated with NLR and MLR. In those with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and osteoarthritis (OA), NLR and MLR positively correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and CRP. In primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) patients, ESR showed positive correlation with NLR and MLR. IgA had positive correlation with BLR. In polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) patients, ESR and CRP positively correlated with NLR. Additionally, significant correlations were also found between CRP and BLR, IgG and ELR, IgM and ELR. In systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients, clear correlations were only observed between CRP and NLR or MLR. In mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) patients, NLR positively correlated with ESR and CRP, while NLR and MLR did negatively with IgM. In polymyalgia rheumatic (PMR) patients, MLR positively correlated with CRP, while ELR did negatively with IgG. This study demonstrated increased NLR and MLR and deceased BLR in most SARDs, decreased ELR in SLE and increased ELR in other SARDs. Furthermore, NLR and MLR may be useful tools to reflect inflammatory status of SARDs.
The lymphocyte‐related ratios, neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR), monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR) and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are new measures of inflammation within the body. Few ...studies have investigated the inflammatory response of patients with methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorder. Clinically, the psychotic symptoms and behavioural manifestation of methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorder are often indistinguishable from paranoid schizophrenia. We aimed to determine the differences in these inflammatory markers between patients with methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorder, patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals. A total of 905 individuals were recruited. The NLR and MLR were found to be higher in both patients with methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorders and patients with schizophrenia compared with healthy controls. There was no significant difference between the three groups in PLR. When compared with the control group, the methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorder group was significantly higher in NLR 27% (95%CI = 11 to 46%, p = 0.001), MLR 16% (95%CI = 3% to 31%, p = 0.013) and PLR 16% (95%CI = 5% to 28%, p = 0.005). NLR of the group with methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorder was 17% (95%CI = 73% to 94%, p = 0.004) less than the group with schizophrenia, while MLR and PLR did not differ significantly between the two groups. This is the first study that investigated the lymphocyte‐related ratios in methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorder when compared with patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals. The results showed that both patients with methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorder and patients with schizophrenia had stronger inflammatory responses than the healthy control. Our finding also indicated that the inflammatory response of methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorder was between those of patients with schizophrenia and healthy individuals.
The inflammatory response of methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorder was between that of the patients with schizophrenia patients and healthy individuals in terms of lymphocyte‐related ratios. This endeavour aims to strengthen the current understanding of the immune response in methamphetamine‐induced psychotic disorder and draw parallels to primary psychosis.
To clarify the configuration change of N-butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA) polymerization with increasing proportion of ethanol, the properties of a mixture of NBCA with lipiodol plus ethanol (NLE), and the ...feasibility of use of NLE for aneurysm packing in a swine model.
The polymerization configuration of NLE was explored using ratios of 1-4 parts NBCA and 1-3 parts ethanol per 1 part of lipiodol; a 1:1 ratio of NBCA to lipiodol (NLE110) was used as a control. The distance that NLE migrated into saline flowing in a tube was measured. A carotid artery aneurysm was created in each of 18 swine. Aneurysmal packing with three configurations--NLE110, NLE at a ratio of 1:1:2 (NLE112), and NLE at a ratio of 1:1:3 (NLE113)--was attempted in six swine for each configuration.
Regardless of NBCA composition, medium-sized droplets, a single large droplet, and a noodle-shaped extrusion were observed in NLE with lipiodol versus ethanol ratios of 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3. NLE110 migrated as viscous fluid to 190 cm from the injection site, whereas NLE112 migrated for 81 cm ± 11 and NLE113 migrated for 74 cm ± 9. Instant outflow of NLE110 from the six aneurysms caused occlusion of the parent artery, with adhesion to the microcatheter. Packing was achieved with minimal adhesion for all six of the aneurysms packed with NLE112 or with NLE113.
With high ratios of ethanol, the NLE polymerization configuration acquired solid-like properties with potent occlusive ability and negligible adhesion to the microcatheter, suggesting its feasibility for packing of aneurysms.
Objectives
By now, there are few data of the reference intervals (RIs) of SII, PLR, NLR, LMR and MLR. We aimed to establish RIs of SII, PLR, NLR, LMR and MLR for healthy persons.
Methods
A ...retrospective analysis on a cohort of ostensibly healthy, aged no <18 years old physical examinees who took health examination from January to December in 2013 was conducted to explore influences of age and gender on SII, PLR, NLR, LMR and MLR and to establish their RIs. And another cohort of 450 persons in our hospital from January to July in 2016 is included for validations of RIs.
Results
NLR, LMR and MLR were significantly different between gender groups (P=.010; P<.001; P<.001, separately), while SII and PLR were not (P=.137; P=.267, separately). While SII was not changed much between age groups (P=.842), PLR, NLR, LMR and MLR were significantly different (all with P<.001). RIs of SII, PLR, NLR, LMR and MLR were: SII: 161,701; PLR: 18‐65 year‐old: 61,179/>65 year‐old: 55,179; NLR: 18‐65 year‐old male: 0.90,2.94/18‐65 year‐old female: 0.85,3.06/>65 year‐old male: 0.95,3.57/aged >65 year‐old female: 0.83,3.30; LMR: 18‐65 year‐old male: 2.50,7.50/18‐65 year‐old female: 2.75,8.50/>65 year‐old male: 2.16,7.41/>65 year‐old female: 2.40,8.33; MLR: 18‐65 year‐old male: 0.12,0.35/18‐65 year‐old female: 0.10,0.32/>65 year‐old male: 0.12,0.41/>65 year‐old male: 0.11,0.33.
Conclusions
RIs of SII, PLR, NLR, LMR and MLR of people in central China were established and validated. It will benefit experimental design of the related studies and lead to better standardizations of SII, PLR, NLR, LMR and MLR for their clinical applications.
Hyperspectral target detection (HTD) and hyperspectral anomaly detection (HAD) are designed by completely different functionalities in terms of how to carry out target detection. Specifically, HTD is ...a reconnaissance technique looking for known targets as opposed to HAD which is a surveillance technique seeking unknown targets of interest. So, HTD is generally designed by the hypothesis testing theory to derive likelihood ratio test (LRT)-based detectors. However, such hypothesis testing theory-based HTD requires the targets under the alternative hypothesis to be known. In addition, it also requires knowledge of the probability distribution under each hypothesis such as Gaussian distributions. Accordingly, the LRT-based HTD cannot be directly applied to HAD. This article develops a dual theory of LRT-based HTD for HAD, which converts HTD to HAD by making LRT-based detectors anomaly detectors. In addition, by virtue of this dual theory a new signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based theory can be also developed for HAD. Interestingly, the commonly used hyperspectral anomaly detector, referred to as Reed and Xiaoli detector (RXD), which is derived from the generalized LRT (GLRT), can be also rederived by this dual theory as well as the new developed SNR-based HAD theory.
Chiral three‐dimensional isotropic cubic lattices with rigid cubical nodules and multiple deformable ribs are developed and analyzed via finite element analysis. The lattices exhibit ...geometry‐dependent Poisson's ratio that can be tuned to negative values. Poisson's ratio decreases from positive to negative values as the number of cells increases. Isotropy is obtained by adjustment of aspect ratio. The lattices exhibit significant size effects. Such a phenomenon cannot occur in a classical elastic continuum but it can occur in a Cosserat solid.
Background
Immune‐checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now standard of care for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Unfortunately, many patients experience immune‐related adverse events (irAEs), ...which are usually mild and reversible, but they require timely management and may be life threatening. No predictive markers of irAEs are available.
Materials and Methods
The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were evaluated in patients with NSCLC consecutively treated with ICIs. Prespecified cutoff values of NLR and PLR were used and related to outcome and onset of irAEs. A control group of patients with advanced NSCLC not receiving ICIs was included.
Results
The study included 184 patients: 26 (14.1%) received pembrolizumab upfront, and 142 (77%) received ICIs (pembrolizumab, nivolumab or atezolizumab) after one or more lines of chemotherapy. The median number of ICIs cycles was six (range, 1–61). The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 4.8 (95% CI, 3.4–6.3) and 20.6 (95% CI, 14.7–26.5) months, respectively. Sixty patients (32.6%) developed irAEs, mainly grade 1–2 (65.0%), causing ICI interruption in 46 cases (25.0%). Low NLR and low PLR at baseline were significantly associated with the development of irAEs (odds ratio OR, 2.2; p = .018 and OR, 2.8; p = .003, respectively). Multivariate analyses confirmed PLR as independent predictive marker of irAEs (OR, 2.3; p = .020).
Conclusion
NLR and PLR may predict the appearance of irAEs in non‐oncogene‐addicted aNSCLC, although this conclusion warrants prospective validation.
Implications for Practice
This study was designed to investigate the role of blood biomarkers in predicting the occurrence of immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer receiving immunotherapy. The results of the study suggest a potential predictive role of neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio and platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio as markers for irAE development in this category of patients. These data provide rationale for an easy and feasible application to be validated in clinical practice.
摘要
背景。免疫检查点抑制剂 (ICI) 药物目前是治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌 (NSCLC) 的标准药物。不幸的是，许多患者会出现免疫相关不良事件 (irAE)，虽然此类事件通常并不严重而且可逆，但需要及时治疗而且可能会危及生命。目前还没有 irAE 的预测标志物。
材料和方法。评估连续接受 ICI 治疗的 NSCLC 患者的中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比 (NLR) 和血小板淋巴细胞比 (PLR)。使用预先指定的 NLR 和 PLR 临界值，该值与 irAE 结局和发病相关。对照组选择未接受 ICI 治疗的晚期 NSCLC 患者。
结果。研究包括 184 名患者:26 例 (14.1%) 预先接受帕博利珠单抗 (Pembrolizumab) 治疗，142 例 (77%) 在经过一线或多线化疗之后接受 ICI(帕博利珠单抗、纳武单抗或阿特朱单抗)治疗。中位ICI 周期为 6(范围:1‐61)。中位无进展生存期和总生存期分别为 4.8 个月(95% CI, 3.4‐6.3) 和 20.6 个月 (95% CI, 14.7‐26.5)。60 例 (32.6%) 患者发生 irAE，以 1‐2 级为主 (65.0%)，其中 46 例 (25.0%) 中断 ICI 治疗。基线 NLR 低和 PLR 低与 irAE 的发生显著相关 分别为:比值比 (OR)， 2.2；p = 0.018, OR, 2.8; p = 0.003。多变量分析证实 PLR 是 irAE 的独立预测标志物 (OR, 2.3; p = 0.020)。
结论。NLR 和 PLR 可能预测非嗜癌性 aNSCLC 中是否会出现 irAE，但这一结论仍需接受前瞻性验证。
实践意义:本研究旨在探讨血液生物标志物在预测晚期非小细胞肺癌患者免疫相关不良事件 (irAE) 发生中的作用。研究结果表明，中性粒细胞淋巴细胞比和血小板淋巴细胞比是预测此类患者是否发生 irAE 的潜在预测标志物。这些数据为简单可行的应用提供了理论依据，有待临床实践验证。
Predictive markers for immune‐related adverse events (irAEs) are not available. This article evaluates the association of peripheral blood markers with the onset of irAEs in patients with non‐oncogene addicted advanced non‐small cell lung cancer treated with immune‐checkpoint inhibitors.
The negative Poisson's ratio (NPR) structures exhibit some unusual but highly useful mechanical properties. In comparison to two-dimensional (2D) NPR structures, less attention has been paid to the ...studies on three-dimensional structures due to the complex manufacturing process. In this paper, based on the two-dimensional nonconvex hexagonal cell, a novel three-dimensional (3D) NPR energy-absorbing structure is proposed. According to the beam theory, the equivalent Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio are deduced. Subsequently, numerous finite element (FE) simulations and compression tests were performed and a good agreement was observed among the theoretical results, the numerical simulations, and the experimental results. Moreover, a typical fuselage section of aircraft during a crash landing was considered and the fuselage section with the 3D NPR structure presented in this work showed better energy absorption capacity than the one without the 3D NPR structure.
The purpose of the present study was to examine the inflammation markers of patients who have attempted suicide by comparing them with those of healthy controls. The leukocyte cell levels, ...Neutrophil/Lymphocyte Ratios (NLR), Basophil/Lymphocyte Ratios (BLR), Platelet/Lymphocyte Ratios (PLR), Monocyte/Lymphocyte Ratios (MLR), Systemic Inflammation Index (SII), Neutrophil/Albumin Ratios (NAR) values were compared with those of healthy controls.
A total of 376 people were included in the study (276 patients who attempted suicide, and 100 healthy people (the control group)). The demographic data and laboratory parameters of the participants were analyzed from the hospital automation system.
The participants’ female/male ratio was 158/118 (42.8%/57.1%) in the group of patients who attempted suicide and 41/59 (41/59%) in the control group. When the distribution of laboratory parameters was evaluated, although the NLR, BLR, NAR, SII, and MLR values, which are indicators of peripheral inflammation, were high in patients who attempted suicide (p = 0.049 for MLR, p = 0.000 for other values), the PLR (p = 0.586) value did not differ significantly between the groups. Patients who had attempted more than one suicide had elevated BLR (p = 0.007), SII (p = 0.003), and NAR (p = 0.003) values.
Based on the results obtained, it was considered that paying attention to inflammation parameters in patient follow-ups, and monitoring of SII, NLR, BLR, and NAR values of patients who had attempted suicide once would be beneficial in preventing future suicide attempts. These results strengthen the idea that inflammatory processes play roles in the pathophysiology of suicidal behavior. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of immune pathways underlying suicidal behavior.
•NLR, MLR, BLR, SII, PDW, and NAR values were higher in patients who attempted suicide compared to healthy controls.•MPV, RDW-CV, and RDW-SD values were lower in patients who attempted suicide compared to healthy controls.•BLR, SII, and NAR values were much higher in patients who attempted suicide more than once compared to once.
Hyperspectral target detection (HTD) can be generally categorized by its targets to be detected, <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">a </tex-math></inline-formula> priori targets with ...provided known target knowledge as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">a </tex-math></inline-formula> priori target detection and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">a </tex-math></inline-formula> posteriori targets with known target signatures (spectral shapes), but unknown abundance fractions needed to be estimated as <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">a </tex-math></inline-formula> posteriori target detection. As a result, target detection can be performed in three scenarios, full pure-pixel target detection corresponding to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">a </tex-math></inline-formula> priori target detection, and subpixel and mixed-pixel target detection corresponding to <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">a </tex-math></inline-formula> posteriori target detection. To develop theories for these three types of target detection, this article develops three approaches. One is to rederive hypothesis testing-based detection theory using very basic statistical detection theory. Another two are new theories, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)-based detection theory that uses SNR as a criterion to derive optimal detectors and spectral angle (SA)-based detection theory that calculates SA to perform HTD, both of which do not require prior probability distributions as hypothesis testing does. Specifically, it will be shown that many current hypothesis testing-derived likelihood ratio test (LRT)-based detectors can find their counterparts in the SNR-derived theory and the SA-derived detection theory. Finally, to evaluate the detection performance among the detectors developed from these three approaches, several effective detection measures resulting from 3-D receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis are used to conduct a comprehensive study and comparative analysis.
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