The book integrates research-based theory with practical application and first-hand insights into a sector that underpins the Australian economy, its communities and its sustainability.
Real‐time release testing (RTRT) is defined as “the ability to evaluate and ensure the quality of in‐process and/or final drug product based on process data, which typically includes a valid ...combination of measured material attributes and process controls” (ICH Q8R2). This article discusses sensors (process analytical technology, PAT) and control strategies that enable RTRT for the spectrum of critical quality attributes (CQAs) in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. Case studies from the small‐molecule and biologic pharmaceutical industry are described to demonstrate how RTRT can be facilitated by integrated manufacturing and multivariable control strategies to ensure the quality of products. RTRT can enable increased assurance of product safety, efficacy, and quality—with improved productivity including faster release and potentially decreased costs—all of which improve the value to patients. To implement a complete RTRT solution, biologic drug manufacturers need to consider the special attributes of their industry, particularly sterility and the measurement of viral and microbial contamination. Continued advances in on‐line and in‐line sensor technologies are key for the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry to achieve the potential of RTRT.
Related article: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bit.26378/full
Sensors (process analytical technology, PAT) and control strategies are reviewed that enable real‐time release testing (RTRT) for the spectrum of critical quality attributes (CQAs) in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. To implement a complete RTRT solution, biologic drug manufacturers need to consider the special attributes of their industry, particularly sterility and the measurement of viral and microbial contamination. Continued advances in on‐line and in‐line sensor technologies are key for the biopharmaceutical manufacturing industry to achieve the potential of RTRT.
Co-Listing Strategies: Better Transaction Outcomes? Allen, Marcus T.; Benefield, Justin D.; Rutherford, Ronald C.
The journal of real estate finance and economics,
10/2023, Letnik:
67, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A co-listing strategy exists when two or more listing agents jointly represent the owner of a property who desires to sell it. This strategy is not new in the real estate brokerage industry, but its ...popularity has increased during recent years with the formation of teams of agents who repeatedly work together using the co-listing strategy. To date, the literature has not analyzed this business strategy. This study investigates the probability of selling, selling price, and time on market effects related to the use of the co-listing strategy. The results of this study indicate that co-listing is associated with a higher probability of sale, an increased selling price, and a marginal longer or shorter marketing time, depending on the situation. Comparing market outcomes for agents who form teams and repeatedly employ the co-listing strategy against market outcomes for agents who are involved in only one co-listing indicates that both types of co-listing produce higher prices and are more likely to result in a sale, but the effects for repeated co-listings are larger in magnitude. Additionally, repeated co-listing slightly reduces marketing time, but single co-listing slightly increases marketing time. The marketing time effects in both repeated and single co-listings, however, are too small to be economically important. In general, this study suggests that sellers are better served by the co-listing strategy compared to no co-listing, especially when the co-listing agents repeatedly work together in teams.
Challenges of the Housing Economy Jones, Colin; White, Michael; Dunse, Neil
2012, 2012., 2012-03-05, 2012-02-24, 20120101, Letnik:
60
eBook
This timely book addresses key challenges faced by policy makers and the house-building industry in a post-credit crunch world. It examines the implications for households, the housing market, the ...economy, as well as for government's policy choices.Challenges of the Housing Economy: an international perspectivebrings together experts from around the world to examine recent housing market trends. The contributions reveal common long-term trends in housing markets worldwide. Despite differences in supply conditions and the role of planning, there is a trend toward rising house prices that has created significant barriers to home ownership for young households while increasing the wealth of older generations. The financial crisis had a differential impact on housing markets but in many countries where mortgage finance became severely constrained, house prices fell and there was a dramatic fall in housing construction. The falls in house prices in these countries have ostensibly improved affordability but the housing markets have been dominated by the lowering of loan to values applicable to new mortgages which has further raised the hurdles to potential first-time purchasers.At the same time as young households are increasingly rationed out of owner-occupation, public sector expenditure cut-backs in many countries result in limited new social housing. Instead, value for money imperatives will mean new funding models for affordable housing that require greater use of public-private partnerships. The private rented sector could potentially meet the demand for the new generation of long-term renters. However, there are doubts - in the UK at least - that this sector will be able to expand significantly or provide an appropriate type and standard of housing.This is an essential advanced text for students and researchers of land economy and land management; property and real estate; housing policy; and urban studies.
What is the impact of real estate prices on corporate investment? In the presence of financing frictions, firms use pledgeable assets as collateral to finance new projects. Through this collateral ...channel, shocks to the value of real estate can have a large impact on aggregate investment. To compute the sensitivity of investment to collateral value, we use local variations in real estate prices as shocks to the collateral value of firms that own real estate. Over the 1993-2007 period, the representative US corporation invests $0.06 out of each $1 of collateral.
We implement a three-step procedure to assess the extent of exposure to real estate in commercial banks. First, we demonstrate interest rates and income to be the major determinants of delinquency. ...Then, we adopt a stress testing approach to calculate the impact of any adverse changes in these determinants. This suggests that a 1.3 percentage point increase in mortgage interest rate leads to a 20 percent decrease in a typical bank's distance to default. Finally, we look at the cross-sectional differences and indentify the banks with rapid loan growth along with high cost-income ratio as the most vulnerable.
Confounding can cause substantial bias in nonexperimental studies that aim to estimate causal effects. Propensity score methods allow researchers to reduce bias from measured confounding by ...summarizing the distributions of many measured confounders in a single score based on the probability of receiving treatment. This score can then be used to mitigate imbalances in the distributions of these measured confounders between those who received the treatment of interest and those in the comparator population, resulting in less biased treatment effect estimates. This methodology was formalized by Rosenbaum and Rubin in 1983 and, since then, has been used increasingly often across a wide variety of scientific disciplines. In this review article, we provide an overview of propensity scores in the context of real‐world evidence generation with a focus on their use in the setting of single treatment decisions, that is, choosing between two therapeutic options. We describe five aspects of propensity score analysis: alignment with the potential outcomes framework, implications for study design, estimation procedures, implementation options, and reporting. We add context to these concepts by highlighting how the types of comparator used, the implementation method, and balance assessment techniques have changed over time. Finally, we discuss evolving applications of propensity scores.
Energy storage and virtual power plant technologies have been developed and become important technical means to enhance power system stability and reduce real‐time dispatching costs. In this study, ...the dispatching capability and dispatching cost characteristics of the virtual power plants are analysed firstly in detail, as well as the dispatching difficulties under the traditional market modes. Hence, virtual power plant real‐time bidding package model and virtual auction‐based real‐time power market mechanism are proposed. Data‐driven virtual power plant real‐time packing method and bidding package model integrated virtual Vickrey–Clarke–Groves auction model are put forward. Finally, the feasibility and validity of the proposed mechanism and method are verified by case studies and result in analyses of the IEEE‐30 bus test system with multiple virtual power plants, providing a scientific foundation and a practical solution to the real‐time power market.
In the field of 3D face alignment, most researchers have focused on improving the prediction accuracy of algorithms and ignored the portability for practical applications. To this end, this study ...presents a real-time 3D face-alignment method that uses an encoder-decoder network with an efficient deconvolution layer. The fusion of the encoding and decoding feature adds more abundant features to this network. An efficient deconvolution layer at the decoding stage applies the L1 norm to select useful features and generate abundant ones through linear operations. Experimental results using the standard AFLW2000-3D and AFLW-LFPA datasets show that our algorithm has low prediction errors with real-time applicability.
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