Objective: A review of the development, evaluation, and application of the so-called 'matrix sentence test' for speech intelligibility testing in a multilingual society is provided. The format allows ...for repeated use with the same patient in her or his native language even if the experimenter does not understand the language. Design: Using a closed-set format, the syntactically fixed, semantically unpredictable sentences (e.g. 'Peter bought eight white ships') provide a vocabulary of 50 words (10 alternatives for each position in the sentence). The principles (i.e. construction, optimization, evaluation, and validation) for 14 different languages are reviewed. Studies of the influence of talker, language, noise, the training effect, open vs. closed conduct of the test, and the subjects' language proficiency are reported and application examples are discussed. Results: The optimization principles result in a steep intelligibility function and a high homogeneity of the speech materials presented and test lists employed, yielding a high efficiency and excellent comparability across languages. The characteristics of speakers generally dominate the differences across languages. Conclusion: The matrix test format with the principles outlined here is recommended for producing efficient, reliable, and comparable speech reception thresholds across different languages.
Our culture is based on a principle of symmetry that allows us to recognise the orderly relationship among objects: every story must have a beginning and an end, and the path joining those extremes ...has to follow a strict logic. Acknowledging the absurdity in everyday life appears then to be challenging; absurdity cannot be explained, but only lived or staged. The essay focuses on the relationship between the absurd text (or reality) and its user. The attempt to investigate the meaning of absurdity is described as a presumptuous operation. Neither text nor user can accept to adapt to each other, since the Absurd asks for its absurdity to be respected, while the user wants to bring back symmetry, harmony, and logic. As it avoids to recognise the reality of absurdity (by trying to rationalise and order it), criticism is constantly rejected by the Absurd. The Absurd does not aspire to produce any effect of familiarisation and acknowledgment, beside the acknowledgement of folly which, alone, associates text and user in a lived experience and not in the activity of interpretation.
Nous entendons, dans le cadre de cet article, nous intéresser à la façon dont fut reçu l’œuvre du « dernier Picasso » et analyser comment la critique a pu osciller entre différentes identités ...assignées à l’artiste : vieillard sénile, génie persistant ou artiste renouvelé. « Monstre sacré », créateur pleinement consacré, ces identités construites de longue date allaient-elles buter sur le – très – grand âge de l’artiste qui serait alors rattrapé par celle de vieillard ? Après avoir fait apparaître les difficultés liées à la définition même de la catégorie de « Picasso tardif », nous étudierons sur quels arguments s’est fondé le mythe selon lequel cette période de création aurait été exposée au rejet au titre de l’âge très avancé de l’artiste. Nous ferons alors émerger une réalité beaucoup plus nuancée, et même un soutien appuyé de la critique, l’artiste parvenant précisément à retourner les jugements négatifs liés au vieillissement. Enfin, nous étudierons la fonction qu’a pu jouer cette croyance trop répandue, selon laquelle le « vieux Picasso » aurait été exposé au rejet unanime de ses contemporains.
This collection analyses the regulatory aspects of harmful interference faced by those entities operating space communication and broadcasting. While technology reacts to this international ...phenomenon with the development of continuously improving technological systems for preventing and combating harmful interference, its international regulatory and legal framework develops at a much slower pace. Issues discussed include the increasing deterioration of signals from broadcasting and communication satellites, including cases of intentional interference known as `jamming’; the human rights balance between freedom of expression and protection from hate speech; the efficacy of the current regulatory system and the legal consequences of non-compliance; the role of national authorities, and supranational bodies such as the EU and UN. The contributors include experts drawn from international and national academia, the ITU, national regulatory authorities and operators to present an international, multidimensional, and critical analysis of this complex phenomenon.
Introduction, Mahulena Hofmann. Part I Harmful Interference in the Context of the ITU Framework: 'Harmful interference' and the ITU, Francis Lyall; ITU and harmful interference prevention, Mitsuhiro Sakamoto; Dealing with harmful interference: the Protostar case, Elina Morozova and Yaroslav Vasyanin; Radio frequency interference in the Earth Exploration Satellite Service: the case of the European Space Agency's SMOS mission, Alexander Soucek; Contractual responses to loss of satellite based services, Lesley Jane Smith. Part II Harmful Interference in the Context of Space Law: The 'space side' to 'harmful interference' - evaluating regulatory instruments in addressing interference issues in the context of satellite communications, Frans von der Dunk; Harmful interference in telecommunications under international and national space law, Jean-Francois Mayence. Part III Harmful Interference in the Context of European Law: European law as an instrument for avoiding harmful interference, Gerry Oberst; The European Commission's proposal for a 'connected continent', Max Spielmann. Part IV Harmful Interference from the Perspective of National Law: Harmful interference from the Netherlands Radiocommunication Agency perspective, Johan Kroon; Satellite harmful interference: a U.S. Telecom perspective, Justin (Gus) Hurwitz. Part V Other Instruments for Avoiding Harmful Interference: New and alternative means for safeguarding the efficient use of spectrum resources for satellite communications, Simona Spassova; Harmful interference and human rights, Olga Batura. Part VI Outstanding Issues: The restructuring of an intergovernmental satellite communications organisation from a Luxmbourg perspective, Guy Modert.
Professor Mahulena Hofmann, SES Chair in Space Communication and Media Law at the University of Luxembourg. Prior to her appointment at the University of Luxembourg, Professor Hofmann was the holder of the Jean Monnet Chair in European Law and Transition Studies at the Faculty of Law, Justus Liebig University of Giessen. At the same time she served as a Senior Research Fellow at the renowned Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law where her research activities were in the field of International Space and Telecommunications Law, as well as the public law of Central and Eastern European countries. Member of the European Centre for Space Law and an Expert Committee of the Council of Europe dealing with regional and minority languages, she has a rich scientific profile encompassing all aspects of Satellite Communication and Media Law.
Angesichts der fortschreitenden Publikation der Encyclopedia of the Bible and Its Reception (EBR), der Weiterarbeit an den Bänden des Evangelisch-Katholischen Kommentars zum Neuen Testament (EKK) und ...der Fortsetzung von Blackwell's Kommentarserie Through the Centuries lautet die Leitfrage des vorliegenden Artikels: Wie kann zur Theoretisierung und Methodisierung einer Rezeptionsgeschichte des Neuen Testaments beigetragen werden? Um diese Frage zu beantworten und Perspektiven zu entwerfen, unternimmt der Artikel den Versuch einer neuerlichen Klärung der Begriffe ‘Wirkungsgeschichte’ / ‘wirkungsgeschichtliches Bewusstsein’, ‘Auslegungsgeschichte’, ‘Rezeptionsgeschichte’ und schlägt zwei Fragenkataloge vor, die das Vorgehen einer cross-temporal und cross-cultural ausgerichteten Rezeptionskritik des Neuen Testaments inhaltlich und methodisch reflektieren und kontrollieren.
Prismatic Jane Eyre Reynolds, Matthew; Drury, Annmarie; Frank, Mary ...
2023
eBook
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Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Brontë and first published in 1847, has been translated more than six hundred times into over sixty languages. Prismatic Jane Eyre argues that we should see these many ...re-writings, not as simple replications of the novel, but as a release of its multiple interpretative possibilities: in other words, as a prism. Prismatic Jane Eyre develops the theoretical ramifications of this idea, and reads Brontë’s novel in the light of them: together, the English text and the many translations form one vast entity, a multilingual world-work, spanning many times and places, from Cuba in 1850 to 21st-century China; from Calcutta to Bologna, Argentina to Iran. Co-written by many scholars, Prismatic Jane Eyre traces the receptions of the novel across cultures, showing why, when and where it has been translated (and no less significantly, not translated – as in Swahili), and exploring its global publishing history with digital maps and carousels of cover images. Above all, the co-authors read the translations and the English text closely, and together, showing in detail how the novel’s feminist power, its political complexities and its romantic appeal play out differently in different contexts and in the varied styles and idioms of individual translators. Tracking key words such as ‘passion’ and ‘plain’ across many languages via interactive visualisations and comparative analysis, Prismatic Jane Eyre opens a wholly new perspective on Brontë’s novel, and provides a model for the collaborative close-reading of world literature. Prismatic Jane Eyre is a major intervention in translation and reception studies and world and comparative literature. It will also interest scholars of English literature, and readers of the Brontës.
The article deals with the genesis of Jiří Levý's monograph The Art of Translation, one of his most important works and one of the fundamental works of Czech translatology. It discusses the original ...Czech version, its different later editions, translated versions that have appeared over time, and the foreign reception of this work.
'Reading Austen in America' presents a colourful, compelling account of how an appreciative audience for Austen's novels originated and developed in America, and how American readers contributed to ...the rise of Austen's international fame.
