Esse artigo teve como objetivo analisar tecnicamente os Projetos de Recuperação de Áreas Degradadas (PRADs) submetidos à Promotoria Regional Ambiental do Recôncavo Sul do Ministério Público do Estado ...da Bahia, em andamento no mês de fevereiro de 2020. Foram contabilizados os Termos de Ajustamento de Conduta que exigiam PRAD e verificada a data de assinatura, a fim de certificar o cumprimento dos prazos. Foi realizada análise técnica do conteúdo dos PRADs que haviam sido entregues, de acordo às exigências básicas contidas na Instrução Normativa IBAMA n° 04, de 13 de abril de 2011. Apenas 4% dos projetos atenderam totalmente às exigências técnicas para a elaboração dos PRADs. A recuperação ambiental por meio dos PRADs carece de eficiência, pois a maioria dos projetos analisados neste trabalho não foram devidamente elaborados e embasados de forma técnica e criteriosa.
•A review of the existing in-situ heavy oil recovery techniques is presented.•Various aspects of traditional recovery methods are systematically discussed.•The in-situ catalytic upgrading and ...recovery of heavy crude oil is elaborated.•Standards and methodologies are summarized to establish the technological criteria.
Due to the growing global energy demand and increasingly limited availability of conventional or easy-to-produce crude oils, extensive attention is being paid to the exploitation of unconventional heavy and extra-heavy oils. However, their inherent properties, characterized by high viscosity and poor mobility, coupled with the complex reservoir configuration, make the desired recovery processes very challenging. Although several in-situ recovery techniques have been employed in oil reservoirs worldwide, most of them are still suffering from low sweep and displacement efficiencies, high capital investment, potential formation damage and negative environmental footprints.
This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing in-situ heavy oil recovery techniques, which fall into three categories of thermal injection, chemical injection and gas injection. Different aspects including the fundamental principles, main features, applicability, and limitations of these recovery processes are elaborated sequentially to illustrate the current technology status. Underlying mechanisms causing the relatively low recovery factors will also be pinpointed. Furthermore, this paper focuses on the technology using novel and active catalysts for simultaneous heavy oil upgrading and recovery, especially in the case of metallic nanocatalysts. Rationales, advantages and challenges regarding this in-situ catalytic upgrading technology will be extensively described for their potential implementation in fields. It is noteworthy that many recovery techniques are still limited to the laboratory scale with needs for further investigations. Therefore, this paper also covers the evaluation standards and analytical methodologies of heavy and extra-heavy oil recovery to establish experimental screening criteria. In the end, economic and environmental aspects of the in-situ catalytic upgrading technology have been briefly discussed. The objective of this review is to present a wide range of expertise related to the in-situ heavy oil recovery processes, and to introduce the in-situ catalytic upgrading technology as an effective and environmental friendly heavy oil recovery process.
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•Membrane-based enthalpy exchanger for simultaneous heat and water recovery.•Indirect contact of two gas phase streams in non-isothermal enthalpy exchangers.•Classical and newly ...developed membranes and modules for water and heat recovery.•Waste heat recovery from flue gas/natural gas in addition to classic air-to-air applications.•Mechanisms of water recovery depending on membrane type and operating conditions.
Membrane-based gas-to-gas enthalpy exchangers have a significant position in energy recovery systems, especially in building ventilation. Membrane-based heat exchangers are similar in design to sensible heat exchangers, with a semi-permeable membrane instead of solid interface plates to recover sensible heat and moisture simultaneously. In the present work, all aspects affecting the non-isothermal performance of gas-to-gas membrane heat exchangers have been investigated. These include the effects of membrane core type and properties, moisture transfer mechanisms, module geometry, ways to increase sensible and latent heat recovery efficiency, and the use of these devices in ventilation systems under all climate conditions, other waste heat recovery applications, and industrial systems. Novel membranes, module geometries, and flow configurations developed for this purpose are also presented in this paper. In addition to state of the art in the enthalpy heat exchangers, the outlook and further suggestions are provided.
It is well-known that colloid and interface science and petroleum production are inextricably linked. Whether in the reservoir, with its porous structure, or during recovery, crude oil is intimately ...associated with rock surfaces and with water, often in the form of emulsions. This situation leads to highly complex systems, comprising multiple colloids and interfaces, which require to be optimized if oil is to be recovered efficiently, both in terms of economic cost and with due concern for the environment. This book contains a compilation of contemporary research topics which illustrate various aspects of the importance of colloids and interfaces in crude oil recovery through modifying conditions between the rock, crude oil, and water in the reservoir, in order to achieve improved oil recovery. The specific topics covered relate both to conventional oils, in which waterflooding is the most common secondary and tertiary means of recovery, and to non-conventional heavy oil and natural bitumen, which require thermal recovery methods, owing to their high viscosity.
The precise mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of regulatory T (Treg) cells on long-term tissue repair remain elusive. Here, using single-cell RNA sequencing and flow cytometry, we found ...that Treg cells infiltrated the brain 1 to 5 weeks after experimental stroke in mice. Selective depletion of Treg cells diminished oligodendrogenesis, white matter repair, and functional recovery after stroke. Transcriptomic analyses revealed potent immunomodulatory effects of brain-infiltrating Treg cells on other immune cells, including monocyte-lineage cells. Microglia depletion, but not T cell lymphopenia, mitigated the beneficial effects of transferred Treg cells on white matter regeneration. Mechanistically, Treg cell-derived osteopontin acted through integrin receptors on microglia to enhance microglial reparative activity, consequently promoting oligodendrogenesis and white matter repair. Increasing Treg cell numbers by delivering IL-2:IL-2 antibody complexes after stroke improved white matter integrity and rescued neurological functions over the long term. These findings reveal Treg cells as a neurorestorative target for stroke recovery.
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•Brain-infiltrating Treg cells are essential for behavioral recovery and brain repair•Interactions between Treg cells and microglia enhance oligodendrogenesis after stroke•Treg cells secrete osteopontin to promote tissue-reparative microglial reactions•Boosting Treg numbers improves long-term outcomes after stroke
The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of Treg cells on stroke recovery remain unclear. Shi et al. report that brain-infiltrating Treg cells enhance brain repair after stroke. Treg-cell-derived osteopontin promotes a tissue-reparative microglial response, thereby facilitating oligodendrocyte regeneration and remyelination at the chronic stages of stroke. Boosting Treg cell numbers with an IL-2:IL-2 antibody complex improves long-term stroke recovery.
•Time in recovery residences increases meaningful activities and decreases barriers.•Fewer barriers are associated with fewer unmet needs.•More recovery enablers and fewer recovery weaknesses ...increase recovery capital.•Higher recovery capital promotes wellbeing.•The existence of generic and gender-specific meaningful activities is suggested.
In recent years, there has been recognition that recovery is a journey that involves the growth of recovery capital. Thus, recovery capital has become a commonly used term in addiction treatment and research yet its operationalization and measurement has been limited. Due to these limitations, there is little understanding of long-term recovery pathways and their clinical application.
We used the data of 546 participants from eight different recovery residences spread across Florida, USA. We calculated internal consistency for recovery capital and wellbeing, then assessed their factor structure via confirmatory factor analysis. The relationships between time, recovery barriers and strengths, wellbeing and recovery capital, as well as the moderating effect of gender, were estimated using structural equations modelling.
The proposed model obtained an acceptable fit (χ2 (141, N=546)=533.642, p<0.001; CMIN/DF=3.785; CFI=0.915; TLI=0.896; RMSEA=0.071). Findings indicate a pathway to recovery capital that involves greater time in residence (‘retention’), linked to an increase in meaningful activities and a reduction in barriers to recovery and unmet needs that, in turn, promote recovery capital and positive wellbeing. Gender differences were observed.
We tested the pathways to recovery for residents in the recovery housing population. Our results have implications not only for retention as a predictor of sustained recovery and wellbeing but also for the importance of meaningful activities in promoting recovery capital and wellbeing.
Low-grade heat accounts for >50% of the total dissipated heat sources in industries. An efficient recovery of low-grade heat into useful electricity not only reduces the consumption of fossil-fuels ...but also releases the subsequential environmental-crisis. Thermoelectricity offers an ideal solution, yet low-temperature efficient materials have continuously been limited to Bi
Te
-alloys since the discovery in 1950s. Scarcity of tellurium and the strong property anisotropy cause high-cost in both raw-materials and synthesis/processing. Here we demonstrate cheap polycrystalline antimonides for even more efficient thermoelectric waste-heat recovery within 600 K than conventional tellurides. This is enabled by a design of Ni/Fe/Mg
SbBi and Ni/Sb/CdSb contacts for both a prevention of chemical diffusion and a low interfacial resistivity, realizing a record and stable module efficiency at a temperature difference of 270 K. In addition, the raw-material cost to the output power ratio in this work is reduced to be only 1/15 of that of conventional Bi
Te
-modules.
Recently, nano-EOR has emerged as a new frontier for improved and enhanced oil recovery (IOR & EOR). Despite their benefits, the nanoparticles tend to agglomerate at reservoir conditions which cause ...their detachment from the oil/water interface, and are consequently retained rather than transported through a porous medium. Dielectric nanoparticles including ZnO have been proposed to be a good replacement for EOR due to their high melting point and thermal properties. But more importantly, these particles can be polarized under electromagnetic (EM) irradiation, which provides an innovative smart Nano-EOR process denoted as EM-Assisted Nano-EOR. In this study, parameters involved in the oil recovery mechanism under EM waves, such as reducing mobility ratio, lowering interfacial tensions (IFT) and altering wettability were investigated. Two-phase displacement experiments were performed in sandpacks under the water-wet condition at 95°C, with permeability in the range of 265-300 mD. A crude oil from Tapis oil field was employed; while ZnO nanofluids of two different particle sizes (55.7 and 117.1 nm) were prepared using 0.1 wt. % nanoparticles that dispersed into brine (3 wt. % NaCl) along with SDBS as a dispersant. In each flooding scheme, three injection sequential scenarios have been conducted: (i) brine flooding as a secondary process, (ii) surfactant/nano/EM-assisted nano flooding, and (iii) second brine flooding to flush nanoparticles. Compare with surfactant flooding (2% original oil in place/OOIP) as tertiary recovery, nano flooding almost reaches 8.5-10.2% of OOIP. On the other hand, EM-assisted nano flooding provides an incremental oil recovery of approximately 9-10.4% of OOIP. By evaluating the contact angle and interfacial tension, it was established that the degree of IFT reduction plays a governing role in the oil displacement mechanism via nano-EOR, compare to mobility ratio. These results reveal a promising way to employ water-based ZnO nanofluid for enhanced oil recovery purposes at a relatively high reservoir temperature.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, SIK, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
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