Problem regionalnih razlika u Europskoj uniji je pitanje od prvorazredne gospodarske, političke i društvene važnosti. Sve zemlje članice su suočene s razlikama u stupnju razvijenosti.Različitost ...regija s prirodnog i društvenog aspekta predstavlja prednost za neku zemlju ukoliko se te razlike uspješno iskoriste. Te razlike, s ekonomske točke gledišta bi mogle ograničiti budući rast, a u političkoj dimenziji bi mogle povećati nestabilnost. Stoga se poticanje ujednačenog regionalnog razvoja može poistovjetiti s poticanjem gospodarskog razvoja u cjelini. Ulažući znatna sredstva Europska unija nastoji smanjiti ekonomske razlike na svom prostoru, a pitanje konvergencije zemalja članica ima važne političke i gospodarske implikacije. Cilj ovog rada je ukazati na problematiku ekonomskih razlika između europskih regija u svrhu mogućnosti jačanja njihovih ekonomskih potencijala. Radom se usporedbom relevantnih ekonomskih pokazatelja i izračunom koeficijenta varijacije ustanovila konvergencija između NUTS 2 europskih regija.
Članek prikazuje na splošno nekaj misli o regionalnih razlikah, njihovi vsebini, načinu prikazovanja in merjenja ter o vlogi in pomenu regionalnih razlik v regionalnem razvoju.
pregovaranja o nadnicama mogu biti niske razlike u nadnicama i visoke razlike u razini nezaposlenosti među regijama. Empirijska je literatura dokazala da centralizirani sustav kolektivnog ...pregovaranja vodi nižoj nejednakosti nadnica za različite vještine, industrijske grane i skupine stanovništva, ali dokazi o njegovu učinku na regionalne razlike u nadnicama su ograničeni. Empirijski dokazi za EU za razdoblje od 1980. do 2000. godine koje sadržava ovaj članak upućuju na to da zemlje s dobro koordiniranim sustavima kolektivnog pregovaranja o nadnicama bilježe niže razlike u nadnicama kada se uzme u obzir utjecaj regionalnih razlika na produktivnost i nezaposlenost. Procjene krivulja nadnica za Njemačku i Italiju upućuju na povezanost procijenjenih elastičnosti i razine koordinacije u kolektivnom pregovaranju o nadnicama.
The findings of the first part of the research study illustrate that during transition period in Croatia
huge differences in economic development level of single regions has been noticed. This could ...also be seen
in movements of labour market. Increasing problem of aggregate unemployment from year to year points to
existence of regional structural unemployment. In the context of this larger discrepancy, regional
differences have special position, that have emerge at the unemployment level and employment
composition, but also in the context of new employment. Such situation is present in old and new EU
members, as well as in Croatia. The analysis of latest trends in employment and unemployment movements
illustrate that Croatia has the lowest employment rate between old and new EU members, and that only
Slovakia and Poland have higher unemployment rates than Croatia.
In circumstances of steady and increasing unemployment higher importance is aimed at labour
market institution and policy development which role is particularly elaborated in third and forth part of
this research. The institutional system of the labour market consist of social system of protection, flexibility
of lay off security, implementation of active labour market policies and level of regional labour force
mobility. All institutional forms in transitional countries have become more important in the moment of
conversion to market economic conditions. The forth part of the research shows that with unemployment
rate increase, duration and amount of unemployment compensation significantly decrease. The main goal
was to stimulate job seekers to start look for a job and to reduce unemployment duration. Therefore in
transition countries labour market policies moves from passive to active one. Mainly it can be concluded
that use of passive labour market policies stimulates unemployed to stay inactive for a longer period, while
active ones try to make process of employment or re-employment easier. The majority of transition
countries spent less than 1% of GDP on passive and active labour market policies.
The last part of the first part of the research study is directed to establishing regional differences at
the Croatian labour market and the influence of the Free Business Zone Varaždin (place of biggest greenfield
investment in Croatia) on job creation. The average registered yearly unemployment rate in Croatia
slightly decreased from 18,0% in 2004 to 17,9% in 2005, but regional unemployment differences still
remains. The number of registered vacancies at the Employment Office decreased during 2005 and regional
employment in Croatia has been influenced by seasonal employment in tourism again. Setting up of Free
Business Zones has more and more considerable influence on job creation in Croatia. The main goal for its
foundation, besides the economic development reasons, is in attracting FDI, the new technologies
development, export growth according to the export orientation of the total production in the zone,
employment growth, GDP growth and increase of citizen's standard in each county. It is expected that in
the Free Business Zone Varaždin from 2005 to 2008 export will exceed 500 millions Euro and that around
3500 new jobs will be created. In the absolute quantity that is maybe a small number, but if it is planned
that in such way the number of new employment in Varaždinska county will increase for approximately
18% yearly, the importance of Free Business Zone in Varaždin is not questionable. It is expected that
unemployment in Varaždinska county will decrease below European average in 2008.
Second part of the research study emphasizes a role of regional clusters in increasing regional
competitiveness. Regional clusters, which can be defined as geographically bound concentrations of
interdependent firms and knowledge/technology suppliers, are seen as an important instrument for
promoting competitiveness and new employment growth. In many regions, clusters are enabling firms to
overcome internal limitations by joining efforts and resources with other firms, R&D institutions and
universities, and public sector organisations. Clusters established at the regional level can form the perfect
environment to enhance innovation by allowing firms to take advantage of specialised suppliers, local
know-how, information, skills and education. The proximity of customers, competitors, suppliers,
universities, and research/innovation organisations favours the growth, the employment, and the
attractiveness of the regions. Theoretical foundations of the cluster concept could be found in the different
approaches, such as agglomeration, or district theories, but it is mostly based on Porter,s diamond analysis.
Regional clusters became the strategic development tool in achieving the Lisbon agenda in Europe.
The same is the case in most post-transition economies. The situation in Croatia is different, because the
institutional prerequisites for the cluster development are not completely developed. Croatia is still not
divided into the regions, according to the EU standards and regional statistical accounts are not realised yet and there is no relevant basis to comparative regional statistics. There is a low level of communication and
coordination between national, counties and local authorities. Adequate microeconomic policies that
support cluster development are missing, such as educational policy and incentive policy to foreign direct
investment.
On the national level the Regional development strategy is built up, the same as the regional
operational plans in most counties. Regional development agencies also exist in most counties and they are
mostly engaged on the SMEs projects and other actions dealing with competitiveness building. In different
counties, the various types of business integrations are created, such as districts, business zones etc.
Regional clusters are foreseen as the future goals in many documents, but only one internationally
recognised cluster in Croatia exists. It is BIOS cluster, in publishing and printing sector.
SAŽETAK
Periferna arterijska bolest (PAB), uz ishemijsku bolest srca i moždani udar, među trima je najznačajnijim dijagnostičkim podskupinama kardiovaskularnih bolesti. Prema procjenama, prevalencija ...u mlađih od 50 godina je <1%, a u starijih od 65 godina 6%. Analiza dinamike kretanja PAB-a upućuje na smanjenje incidencije u EU15+ državama posljednjih 27 godina, ali uz povećanje mortaliteta. Republika Hrvatska ističe se među mediteranskim zemljama po visokom kardiovaskularnom opterećenju, ali nema sustavnih epidemioloških istraživanja dinamike kretanja mortaliteta od PAB-a. U ovom su istraživanju regresijskom analizom dobno standardiziranih stopa mortaliteta od PAB-a prema regijama od 2011. do 2020. godine prikazani trendovi i vremenske točke s promjenama. Iz bolničkih informacijskih sustava dviju ustanova odabrane su dijagnoze primijenjene u kodiranju PAB-a te interventnih i dijagnostičkih postupaka i dopunjene dijagnozama iskorištenima u prethodnim istraživanjima. Iz Baze umrlih Hrvatskog zavoda za javno zdravstvo dobiveni su podatci po petogodišnjim dobnim skupinama, spolu i županijama. Za regionalnu podjelu uporabljena je Nacionalna klasifikacija statističkih regija iz 2019., a dobno standardizirane stope izračunate su na temelju Revidirane europske standardne populacije 2013. Mortalitet je u porastu u muškaraca (3,09%) i žena (2,94%), a prisutne su značajne regionalne razlike u trendu kod muškaraca u Jadranskoj Hrvatskoj i kod obaju spolova u Sjevernoj Hrvatskoj. Kod muškaraca najveći porast ima Grad Zagreb, 3,71%, dok je najmanja i ujedno jedina negativna vrijednost zabilježena u Sjevernoj Hrvatskoj, –0,24%. Kod žena najveći porast ima Grad Zagreb, 3,57%, a najmanji Sjeverna Hrvatska 1,67%. Ovo istraživanje trendova mortaliteta, uz podizanje svjesnosti, pomaže boljem razumijevanju epidemiološke dinamike ove nedostatno dijagnosticirane i liječene kompleksne kronične bolesti. Poboljšanja kliničke skrbi za bolesnike oboljele od PAB-a moguće je ostvariti sustavnim probirom individualnih i klinički značajnih podataka u medicinskim ustanovama i njihovim ujedinjavanjem u regionalnim i nacionalnim registrima.
Prikazane su promjene u kretanju stanovništva Istočne Hrvatske, njezinih glavnih prirodnih cjelina, te manjih prostornih jedinica (bivših općina) u razdoblju 1948.-1991. godine. Analiziran je ...prostorni razmještaj stanovništva i istaknut diferencirani razvoj pučanstva. Ustanovljeno je starenje populacije, zatim smanjenje prirodnog priraštaja, kao i jačanje depopulacijskih i emigracijskih procesa.
Raščlanjuje se opća naseljenost i promjene u broju stanovništva Hrvatske, njezinih glavnih regionalnih sastavnica i manjih prostornih jedinica u razdoblju 1948-1991. Ustanovljen je i objašnjen vrlo ...spori i regionalno različit rast i starenje sastava pučanstva, te ruralno-urbana polarizacija. Jasno se naziru tegobe što prostiču iz toga u općem geografskom razvoju zemlje i njezinih dijelova.
U članku se razmatra novinska djelatnost u Hrvatskoj kroz prizmu teorije centralnih naselja. Određuju se hijerarhijski atupnjevi i regionalne razlike unutar sustava novinskih centara i izdvajaju se ...pojedina njihova komplementarna područja. Cilj je rada analiza specifičnosti funkcioniranja kulture u centralnomjesnome sustavu (na primjeru novinske djelatnosti).
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