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•Silvered or aluminized one-side cuvette enhances LIF analytical sensitivity.•The reflecting side should face the incident laser beam.•A sixfold increase in the chlorophyll-a ...fluorescence intensity was achieved.•Application of RELIF on six brands of olive oil provided 2–3-fold enhancement.•PLSR analysis of the RELIF & LIF data of olive oil showed the superiority of RELIF.
The current work demonstrates a novel approach to enhancing the analytical sensitivity of the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique in liquids. An increase in the fluorescence spectral band intensity of about sixfold compared to the conventional LIF has been achieved. Such betterment has been accomplished by having the fluorophore liquid in a cuvette having a reflecting mirror-like side facing the exciting incident laser beam. The silvered or aluminized reflecting side of the cuvette was tested. The pilot test of the proposed cuvette was performed using an excitation laser light of 405 nm wavelength and five mW average power on chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) samples of different concentrations. As a result, a pronounced improvement in the Chl-a fluorescence spectral band intensity is achieved. Such a novel approach, the reflection-enhanced laser-induced fluorescence (RELIF), has been used to analyze six Egyptian brands of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Compared to the LIF measurement results on the same EVOO, the RELIF was superior in terms of the fluorescence-spectrum intensity enhancement factor. Both Ag and Al coatings of the cuvette revealed similar results. Statistical analysis of the measured fluorescence spectra via the partial least square regression (PLSR) method for LIF and RELIF revealed a higher coefficient of determination R2 for both RELIF measurements (with silver and aluminum coating) than for LIF. The proposed novel RELIF approach can be utilized for other fluorophore liquids at higher analytical sensitivity than conventional LIF. On the other hand, the RELIF technique is straightforward, cost-effective, and does not complicate the traditional LIF setup.
Pada umumnya setiap hasil budaya manusia masa lampau, baik berupa seni bangunan, seni arca, sni relief (seni hias), maupun seni lainnya mengandung arti, fungsi, dan nilai trtentu bagi masyarakat ...pendukungnya. Apabila diperhatikan, pada wayang kulit gaya Yogyakarta banyak memiliki ragam hias. Ragam hias tersebut bermacam-macam motifnya, anatara lain motif fauna, flora, dan alam. Ragam hias motif garuda dan Naga yang pada awalnya banyak terdapat pada deposit arkeologi masa Hindu Budha banyak diabadikan pada ragam hias di Indonesia, misalnya relief candi, motif fauna pada mesjid kuno, ornamen pada benda terbuat dari logam, kain yang dipakai oleh raja, bahkan diabadikan pada seni tatah-sungging wayang kulit gaya Yogyakarta.
Hamadan province in western Iran is one of the most important areas in historical and archeological studies that in different historical periods it had special importance. By studying the historical ...texts it becomes clear that almost whenever the name of Hamadan is mentioned, immediately has been mentioned Alvand Mountain. In fact, the name of Hegmataneh or Ecbatana has never been mentioned without its mountain, it is clear that before the name of Hamadan appeared on the pages of history, Alvand Mountain has been attention. In view of this necessity, important questions can be asked: what are the most important Parthian artifacts identified in the Alvand Mountain? What are the reasons for the formation of these monuments in the highlands of Alvand? The nature of the present study is descriptive-analytical and the method of data collection is field and library studies. The most important monuments identified in the Alvand Mountain are the reliefs of Mydan Mishan and Yakhchal Valley. These reliefs resemble various monuments of the Elymais region, including; Tang Sarvak II, the relief of the oriental side of Tang Sarvak IV, and Sang e Mahi. Another monument is the Qizlar Qale Si that located at the eastern end of the Alvand Mountain with a strategic location and has dominated communication routes from the south to the central plateau towards Hamadan.
Explains how internal displacement and efforts to engineer resettlement are conceived and practiced by policy makers and practitioners. This book considers the origins and parameters of internal ...displacement and resettlement policy and practice and proposes an explanation for why it often fails.
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