Over the past twenty-five years, gender and politics scholars have engaged in extensive theoretical and empirical discussions about women’s political representation. This article provides a ...comprehensive literature review of these studies. This study is divided into three themes: descriptive representation of women, substantive representation of women, and the correlation between descriptive and substantive representation of women. The literature review method is carried out by exploring and compiling studies on women’s political representation from various countries, classifying them based on specific topics, and mapping out what has been explored in these studies. The results of the study show that most of the research on women’s political representation is in the realm of women’s descriptive representation, which generally discusses the factors that affect the level of women’s political representation, obstacles and challenges in women’s political representation and the strategies used by women candidates in electoral politics. Meantime, studies on women’s substantive representation still need to be explored, especially in the context of countries in Asia, especially Indonesia. Then, studies on the relationship between descriptive and substantive representations of women show two debate patterns. Some experts believe a positive correlation exists between increasing the number of women’s representation and its substantive effect. Some others find no correlation between the descriptive and substantive representations of women.
While the quality of women's lives and their status and position can be indicative of the prominent cultural and civilizational features of a society, in most societies, especially in our patriarchal ...society, we witness a kind of liminality, insignificance, and "persistence" of women in the face of both tangible opportunities and imaginary constraints and stereotypes. Since the genre of the novel is one of the most significant mediums that indirectly reflect the symbols of this situation, this study explores the representation of women and the dominant but implicit assumptions in the selected novels of the First Pahlavi era (Mohammad Hejazi's trilogy) from a sociological perspective, using a critical discourse analysis approach. The data analysis was conducted thematically, with the unit of analysis being the "sentence," and utilizing previous research as a foundation for credibility assessment. The results of this study showed that women in Hejazi's stories in the trilogy of Superior Spear and the Religion-Tradition-Modernism trilogy are represented in binary and ternary categorizations. Contrary to the prevailing mental stereotype of the "oppressed woman," the role, characteristics, caricature, and narrative have not been reduced to a single attribute for all women. Based on this, we observe a commitment to both discourse patterns, both conservative and progressive, fuzzy and middle-ground, oscillating between religion and modernity, conservatism and progressivism, which has sometimes led to a "discourse conflict”. Extended Abstract The social status and quality of life for women in any society can be considered as indicators and criteria for the cultural and civilizational characteristics of that society. Throughout history, in all societies, especially in patriarchal societies, the identities and social roles of women have been overlooked or considered insignificant. Despite unprecedented changes in creating structural opportunities for Iranian women, they are still predominantly portrayed within traditional gender roles, stereotypes, and assumptions. Gender stereotypes can be analyzed indirectly and metaphorically in common cultural artifacts such as proverbs, textbooks, films, magazines, and popular novels of each era. Among these, the genre of the novel has allocated the largest share in discourse analysis, and women and their attributed roles have always been prominent topics in social novels. In the pursuit of continuity, prominence, and perpetuation of the representation of Iranian women as oppressed and objectified, this study attempts to analyze and identify the representation of women's identities in three novels (trilogy) by Mohammad Hejazi, using a comprehensive sociological perspective and a critical discourse analysis approach. The fundamental research questions are: 1) How are women represented in Mohammad Hejazi's trilogy of novels? 2) What are the important sociological components documented for women, such as roles, identities, executive characteristics, etc., in these novels? 3) To what extent have the constructed attributes contributed to the reproduction or alteration of the status and identity of women in the society of that era? 4) Have the features and representations presented in the selected novels portrayed a "homogeneous" image of women or not? To achieve this, in the descriptive phase, the themes, elements, and key concepts related to the subject of the study in the text are identified, and subjects, characters, traits, and roles of women and their presence are reconstructed. In the interpretive phase, we delve into the contextual and intertextual aspects of women's subjects and analyze the generated themes. In the explanatory phase, we focus on the social framework, discursive actions, and the relationship between the text and social structures. The use and application of previous research, as well as consultation with expert qualitative researchers for the correction and confirmation of extracted content have always been the researchers' concern. The unit of analysis is the sentence. The first reading of Hejazi's stories indicates a diverse spectrum of women in mainly binary categorizations and confrontations. These attributes and categorizations, which are the subject of ideological disputes, foster a continuous discursive conflict within themselves. By placing women's subjects in their own spatiotemporal context, patterns can be extracted, which categorize women into traditional/modern, active/passive, educated/uneducated, weak and oppressed/strong. Hidden patriarchy, situational objectification-subjection, overall ambiguity, women in the struggle between tradition and modernity, and women at the crossroads of modernity and religion are among the main themes covering the representation of women in the selected texts. According to Hejazi, as claimed by Fairclough, while identifying the assumptions of the prevailing ideology that the people of Iran interacted with women on that day and led to the plasticity of feminine identity, he criticizes and challenges them. In his stories, he effectively highlights the issue of femininity, pays attention to feminine identity, and demonstrates its new dimensions in the First Pahlavi era in Iran. Hejazi challenges the dominant traditional discourse and brings women into positions beyond the confines of the home and without being attributed to stereotypical qualities like "stove-bound" and "bitterness," which were frequently seen in the literature of that era. However, most evidence shows the movement of two discourses, traditional and modern, side by side and in concert with each other, rather than in conflict and confrontation. This means that renewed discourses, alongside traditional discourses, have initiated a movement, and we witness a kind of combined discourse. In summary, Hejazi demonstrates that we are faced not with a singular reality but with diverse realities; he presents a moderate intellectual discourse. Although one foot of it is still trapped in tradition and patriarchy and thinks within the framework of traditional mindsets, it undoubtedly takes firm and steady steps towards modernity with the other foot.
Many organizations aim to increase the representation of women in their workforce, yet such efforts are often challenged by women’s relatively higher propensity to leave a job compared to men. ...Overlooked so far has been the temporal relationship between the representation of women and an organization’s collective employee turnover. We suggest that a substantive and rapid increase in the representation of women positively affects women and results in positive spillover effects for men, leading to a decrease in collective turnover. In our theoretical development, we explain how higher representation of women is associated with higher job embeddedness for all employees, which results in a subsequent decrease in collective employee turnover. We use latent curve model (LCM) analysis to examine a population of 499 organizations over a 14-year time span, and find support for our hypotheses. We suggest opportunities for future research and offer implications for practicing managers.
La violència contra les dones és un problema truculent de la nostra societat. Només el 2021, a Espanya es van presentar aproximadament 170.000 denúncies per violència de gènere i aquesta xifra no ha ...deixat d’augmentar des del 2009, any en què es van recollir les primeres dades. Les denúncies per violència de gènere a Espanya són ateses i resoltes per tribunals exclusius, especialitzats o compatibles; en cas que siguin condemnats, els culpables poden presentar recursos a tribunals superiors. Atès el caràcter performatiu del llenguatge (Austin, 1962; Searle, 1969), és de summa importància analitzar el llenguatge que jutges i advocats fan servir als tribunals per referir-se a la violència contra les dones, ja que aquest influeix sobre la percepció social general perquè facilita una interpretació de la violència de gènere. Les maneres en què el llenguatge i la violència estan interconnectats s’han estudiat durant molt temps des de diferents perspectives (Derrida, 2001; Fairclough, 1989; Foucault, 1980). Altres autors han explorat com el llenguatge pot infligir (i, per tant, provocar) violència en formes diverses (van Dijk, 1995; Silva, 2017a, 2017b). En aquest article, examinem la representació de la violència de gènere en el llenguatge jurídic a Espanya. Examinem el llenguatge utilitzat per referir-se a la violència en els textos analitzats; la descripció que es fa a les resolucions judicials dels participants en actes de violència de gènere, i la consegüent representació social de la violència, les víctimes i els agressors. També examinem la representació de les dones des d’una perspectiva construccionista (Butler, 1992, 1997, 2004), fent servir la pragmàtica de corpus (Romero-Trillo, 2008) per analitzar elements lèxics i expressions de vint resolucions judicials en el context de la violència de gènere. Els resultats indiquen un cert biaix en la representació de la violència, els agressors i les víctimes a les resolucions judicials.
In social life, women are often seen as second-class humans. This is caused by patriarchal culture that considers men are in hingher position than women. Islam itself wants equality between men and ...women, for example in political field. There are two verses in Al-Qur’an that instruct muslims to conduct deliberations, ie. (QS Al-Syura: 38 and QS Ali ‘Imran: 159). In 1998, Indonesian women began to have courage to express their opinions marked by the emergence of movements that speak of equality between men’s and women’s positions, particularly in political field such as the representation of women in goverment. Indonesia has accomodated the role of women in politics, as instructed in constitution law No. 2 of 2008 and constitution law No. 7 of 2017. However in reality it is inversely proportional, the women involvement in political field, especially as legislators, has not been carried out optimally. This research will discuss the role of women in building national politics by using historical analysis method, which is in analyzing the data based on the history that has happened.
In social life, women are often seen as second-class humans. This is caused by patriarchal culture that considers men are in hingher position than women. Islam itself wants equality between men and ...women, for example in political field. There are two verses in Al-Qur’an that instruct muslims to conduct deliberations, ie. (QS Al-Syura: 38 and QS Ali ‘Imran: 159). In 1998, Indonesian women began to have courage to express their opinions marked by the emergence of movements that speak of equality between men’s and women’s positions, particularly in political field such as the representation of women in goverment. Indonesia has accomodated the role of women in politics, as instructed in constitution law No. 2 of 2008 and constitution law No. 7 of 2017. However in reality it is inversely proportional, the women involvement in political field, especially as legislators, has not been carried out optimally. This research will discuss the role of women in building national politics by using historical analysis method, which is in analyzing the data based on the history that has happened.
Abstract
A women’s parliamentary caucus works to strengthen the goals of women in a legislative body. It trains female members of the parliament in legislation and facilitates communication among ...feminists in parliament and civil society in pursuing common goals through collective action to enact feminist legislation. Qualitative research in Indonesia over the parliamentary term 2009–2014 has suggested that active communication is vital for the performance of such functions. Poor communication in the study term resulted in an inability to initiate collective action, a mismatched design of capacity-building activity and diminishment of the relationship between feminists in parliament and civil society. The existence of a caucus alone is insufficient. A functioning caucus is essential for substantive representation of women.
Recent scholarship on women’s substantive representation has expanded from its initial focus on gender inequalities in parliaments and now studies (1) various group interests, (2) in different ...venues, (3) across different contexts and (4) using different methods and approaches. Building on these advances, we present a new comparative measure of women’s substantive representation. This ‘Substantive Representation Index’ combines eight indicators, linked to two key dimensions of women’s substantive representation, in one composite quantitative index. As such, we offer a consistent modality that allows scholars to measure women’s substantive representation systematically and comparatively across and within democratic countries and over time.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, OILJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
In the literary convention of ‘Blessed Virgin’, female purity and spirituality are most often emphasized, as represented by the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages and by the Angel in the House in the ...more secular nineteenth century. The patriarchal idealization of womanhood has deprived it of bodily desires and free will; the Blessed-Virgin women are praised and worshipped at the cost of individuality and sexuality. The Victorian conception of the ‘Angel in the House’ was the manifestation of the dominant patriarchal ideology of the nineteenth century, and was reflected in the works of a great number of male writers. As the heir apparent to the Victorian cultural heritage and the progeny of the Victorian literary forefathers, is James Joyce capable of transcending his own time? Or does Joyce actually expose the workings of ideology and desire in order to subvert such conventions, as some critics have argued? This article aims to rethink the issue of the centuries-old representation of the Blessed-Virgin and to reread James Joyce’s representation of Blessed-Virgin women in his works. The central argument of this paper is to demonstrate the Blessed-Virgin women’s individuality as thinking and desiring subjects, and their agency to influence the male consciousness and to challenge the patriarchal dominance, as exemplified by the feminine characters Gretta (“The Dead”), the Bird-Girl (
A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
), and Gerty (
Ulysses
), in Joyce’s works.
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