Salinization poses a major challenge for modern agriculture with considerable areas being salt-affected worldwide. However, these lands can be cultivated by applying saline agriculture, involving ...soil, water and salt-tolerant crop management methods. The agricultural use of saline soils helps in addressing food security in times of population growth and climate change. Therefore, there is a need to map saline soils and examine conditions under which saline agriculture can be implemented.
The aim of this study is to identify locations and surface area of saline soils. The potential areas for saline agricultural production are mapped using the QGIS software with a focus on the most promising lands for saline agriculture. To identify these most promising areas, we apply criteria of soil salinity, soil fertility, soil pH, water availability, presence of irrigation equipment, as well as depleted water basins.
Our results show that the total area of salt-affected soils equals 17 million km2, but the largest potential for saline agriculture lays in saline soils above 4 dS/m ECe in non-depleted water basins totalling to 2 million km2. We conclude that further socio-economic analysis is needed to fully determine countries which should be prioritized in exploring the future potential for sustainable food production.
•The total area of salt-affected soils worldwide equals 17 million km2.•The most promising saline soils for saline agriculture total to 2 million km2.•A most restrictive factor limiting the potential area for saline agriculture is water availability.•Future mapping should focus on high populated areas with favourable socio-economic conditions.
A pesar de la influencia que tuvo la expansión del alemán estándar y el declive de la liga Hanseática en la situación del bajo alemán, esta variante lingüística cuenta desde 1998 con el estatus de ...“lengua regional”. Presente en gran parte del territorio del norte de la República Federal Alemana, y más concretamente en la isla de Pellworm, este trabajo persigue dos objetivos fundamentales: conocer el ámbito de uso de esta variante y las percepciones de los propios hablantes de esta isla. Los resultados muestran que la situación de esta variante lingüística ha mejorado en los últimos años. Esto, según ha podido observarse, se debe en parte al carácter de cercanía emocional, además de al sentimiento de identificación que le otorgan los propios hablantes, los cuales dicen poder expresarse mejor en ella que en alemán y emplearla mayoritariamente en situaciones familiares.
Derrière un consensus apparent, la revitalisation est encore objet de débats, qu’il s’agisse de son caractère souhaitable ou de sa possibilité même, et du bilan des réalisations dans la situation ...actuelle. Les enjeux actuels ("post-diglossiques") nous invitent à approfondir la question des fonctions de ces langues et donc des besoins des locuteurs. La situation de "langue B" de diglossie n’est peut-être pas partout conflictuelle ni mortifère, mais une donnée permanente et générale, et finalement fonctionnelle. Le sens des luttes linguistiques se déplace alors : on agit certes contre la disparition de ces langues, si minorées qu’elles soient, mais en leur aménageant des fonctions pratiques, même typiques des langues B (pour des "diglottes heureux"), et en développant la valorisation du plurilinguisme. Une petite enquête par le détour de l’utopie tend à nous confirmer dans cette direction.
The main research objective of this paper is to assess the spatial aspects of the revitalisation of small towns in the Voivodeship of Varmia and Masuria on the example of Kisielice, Lubawa and ...Węgorzewo. The selected towns were destroyed during World War II on a scale of more than 70% of their built-up area. They represent different forms of post-war reconstruction and have a diverse scale and nature of contemporary functional and spatial challenges. The article analyses the effectiveness of urban regeneration tools in the form of local revitalisation programmes (LPR) and the supra-local revitalisation programme within the Cittaslow network for the processes of physical renewal of urban fabric. The primary research method was the analysis of strategic and development documents drawn at various levels. In addition, study visits to the examined towns were conducted, and use was made of the consulting and advising experience offered to local governments as well as expert interviews. Both local programmes and the supra-local programme have played an essential role in the regeneration process of the towns under study, both spatially, functionally and as a platform for promotion and cooperation. However, the organisational and legal framework to date is not flawless and does not meet the current needs of local authorities. The introduction of the Revitalisation Act in 2015 and the implementation of new solutions in the form of municipal revitalisation programmes (GPR) were an attempt to overcome the low effectiveness of the existing tools. The new solutions provide an opportunity to continue ongoing projects and to start a new urban renewal and development stage. This is particularly important in a region facing enormous demographic, social and economic challenges and the still-felt repercussions of the Second World War and the subsequent spatial changes.
One of the greatest challenges currently facing cities is the evaluation of the revitalisation process, i.e., verifying whether and to what extent it has been successful. This assessment is important ...as it will determine the extent to which the revitalisation needs of a place have been met. The aim of this article is to present the results of the evaluation of a post-revitalisation space made by its users and to determine the usefulness of the Maslin Multi-Dimensional Matrix (MMDM) method used. This is the first attempt, not previously reported in the literature, to use the MMDM for evaluating revitalisation. According to research, projects of an integration and environmental character and those improving security were the most appreciated and at the same time had the best revitalising effect on the Bydgoskie Przedmieście district in Toruń, Poland. The lowest ratings were given to infrastructural projects or those dedicated to narrow social groups (alternative arts). The MMDM method should be considered an appropriate tool for evaluating revitalisation.
Post-mining grounds and spoil tips frequently render landscapes permanently flawed. As a result of mining activity, considerable stretches of land are often permanently excluded from further use. Due ...to the extensively transformed landscape, it is necessary to implement revitalisation processes. Relevant design and investment activities, coupled with the cooperation of specialists such as architects, civil engineers, geotechnicians, hydrotechnicians and environmental engineers, along with local authorities, can offer a comprehensive functional programme for areas degraded by mining and provide local residents with an attractive leisure area. This article discusses the current state of knowledge on the revitalisation of former mining areas, with special regard to architectural, environmental, social, and economic aspects. The aim of the study is to review and promote design solutions which permanently restore previously degraded areas to local communities. Various concepts of revitalisation of degraded areas are presented, based on examples of landscape architecture at home and abroad. The selected examples comprise natural regeneration, reclamation, and ecological engineering. These are examples of a holistic and modern approach to the development of tourist and environmentally active areas in post-mining sites and spoil tips. Furthermore, the study presents the authors' proposal concerning the revitalisation of a spoil tip area at LW Bogdanka mine for winter sport purposes and other activities, for which the demand was signalled by their management. The discussed examples can serve as an inspiration for future actions and executive projects, undertaken in accordance with the guidelines of Agenda 2030 and Fit for 55 policies.
Tereny powyrobiskowe naziemne oraz powstające przykopalniane hałdy niejednokrotnie stanowią trwałą skazę w krajobrazie. W związku z procesami górniczymi, znaczne połacie terenu zostają często trwale wykluczone z dalszego użytkowania. Silnie przekształcony krajobraz stwarza konieczność dla wdrażania procesów rewitalizacyjnych. Odpowiednie działania projektowe i inwestycyjne, przy współpracy z architektami oraz lokalnymi samorządami są w stanie zaoferować bogaty program funkcjonalny dla terenów zdegradowanych działalnością górniczą, zapewniając jednocześnie okolicznym mieszkańcom atrakcyjną przestrzeń wypoczynkową. W artykule dokonano przeglądu aktualnego stanu wiedzy na temat rewitalizacji terenów pogórniczych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem aspektów środowiskowych, społecznych i ekonomicznych takich działań. Celem artykułu jest przegląd i popularyzacja rozwiązań projektowych, które w sposób trwały przywracają tereny zdegradowane lokalnym społecznościom. Przedstawiono różne koncepcje rewitalizacji terenów zdegradowanych, opierając się na przykładach realizacji z dziedziny architektury krajobrazu z kraju i ze świata. Wybrane przykłady obejmują naturalną regenerację, rekultywację i inżynierię ekologiczną. Są to przykłady holistycznego i nowoczesnego podejścia do realizacji przestrzeni turystycznych i aktywnych przyrodniczo na terenach dawnych wyrobisk oraz hałd kopalnianych. Opracowanie przestawia również autorską propozycję rewitalizacji terenu hałdy przy kopalni LW Bogdanka na cele związane ze sportami zimowymi. Omawiane przykłady mogą posłużyć jako wzór dla przyszłych działań podejmowanych zgodnie z założeniami polityki Agenda 2030 i Fit for 55.
Ce texte est une réflexion sur la minoration et le devenir de la diversité linguistique et culturelle, à partir de l’édition de l’entretien, intitulé Faire exister les littératures de l’exiguïté ...(Double ponctuation, Paris, 2021), accordé à Nathalie Carré par l’universitaire canadien François Paré, auteur de l’essai remarqué Littératures de l’exiguïté (Le Nordir, Hearst, 1992). On s’y interroge sur la pertinence, originelle et actuelle, de la notion d’« exiguïté » et, dans une perspective de revitalisation, sur son applicabilité, tant aux littératures qu’aux langues et cultures minorées, indigènes ou autochtones.
This text is a reflection on minorization and future of linguistic and cultural diversity, based on the interview entitled Faire exister les littératures de l’exiguïté (Double ponctuation, Paris, 2021), given to Nathalie Carré by the Canadian academic François Paré, author of the remarkable essay Littératures de l’exiguïté (Le Nordir, Hearst, 1992). This article examines the original and current relevance of the notion of ‘exiguity’ and, with a view to revitalising it, its applicability to minority, indigenous and aboriginal literatures, languages and cultures.
Identification of land use conflicts (LUCs) from the perspective of ecological security is essential for ensuring regional ecological security. Coastal zones in China experience complex management ...challenges related to increasing demands of ecological protection and economic development, similar to other coastal countries throughout the world. In this study, we established an index system for evaluating the ecological security importance from two perspectives: ecological sensitivity and importance of ecosystem service function. We then used this index system to delimit ecological security space and identify actual LUCs in China's coastal zones in 2018. In addition, we discussed the situation of LUCs in transitional zones of the coastal zones from a horizontal perspective. Results indicated prominent spatio–temporal mismatches among cultivated land, construction land, and the ecological spatial layout in coastal zones. In the ecological space, the area of cultivated land conflict zone was 12.60%, whereas that of the construction land conflict zone was 10.26%. LUCs existed in all coastal provinces. Overall, significant regional differences were observed in the distribution of LUCs, with near-land side and southern region showing higher distributions than the near-sea side and northern region, respectively. Meanwhile, the cultivated land conflict zone generally radiated outward with the construction land conflict zone as the ‘source’. The findings of this study can provide insights for decision-makers into the location of cultivated land and construction land, which are most likely to occupy ecologically important spaces.
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•Established a research framework of LUCs based on ecological security.•LUCs identification is conducted in 12 provinces along the east coast of China.•Conflicts distribution is higher in the near-land side than in the near-sea side.•Land use conflicts in China's coastal provinces have different manifestations.•The degree of conflict varies significantly with the distance from the coastline.
The Welsh Government's Welsh language strategy, Cymraeg: A million Welsh speakers Welsh Government. 2017a. Cymraeg 2050: A Million Welsh Speakers. Cardiff: Welsh Government, aims to increase the ...numbers of Welsh speakers to one million by 2050. The creation of new Welsh speakers and immersion education form an integral part of the Welsh Government's language revitalisation strategy and this study revisits new Welsh speakers from the Rhymney Valley, South Wales in 2016/2017 a decade on from the 2006 research study Hodges, R. 2009. "Welsh Language Use Among Young People in the Rhymney Valley." Contemporary Wales 22: 16-35. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/uwp/cowa/2009/00000022/00000001/art00004. This longitudinal research provides further insights into their continuing language journeys, and indicates there has been a sustained reduction in this group's use of Welsh by 2016/2017 due to factors relating to fluency, confidence and a lack of opportunities to use Welsh. However, the results indicate that new speakers play an important role in influencing family language transmission and in increasing language awareness within the workplace. This paper calls for further longitudinal research on new Welsh speakers' language journeys so that this group may be appropriately supported as they make a crucial contribution to language revitalisation in Wales.
The purpose of the article is an attempt to reflect the assumptions resulting from the sustain- -able development principle under the Act on revitalization. Although the Act on revitalization, which ...is a kind of special regulation in the field of spatial planning, does not refer either directly – like the Act on spatial planning and development – or indirectly to the sustainable development principle, it should be assumed that revitalization should certainly be implemented in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. Consequently, all instruments specified under the Act on revitalization, such as the municipal revitalization program, the resolution designating the degraded area and the regeneration area, the Special Revitalization Zone, the local revitalization plan, should be implemented in accordance with the principle of sustainable development. Therefore, the main problem in the Act on revitalization is the lack of reference to the sustainable development principle. The second problem is the lack of uniform standards for sustainable development in the comprehensive revitalization process. Nevertheless, the purpose of the Act on revitalization, can be interpreted by using systematic and teleological interpretation. The considerations lead to an attempt to create the principles of sustainable revitalization in light of the sustainable development principle, the aim of which would be to ensure a process of renewal of degraded areas taking into account integral social, economic and environmental friendly development.
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