This article seeks to demonstrate the permanent character of at least parts of the marketplace in Ribe (Denmark) from the first decades of its existence at the beginning of the eighth century. As ...with other early medieval emporia in northern Europe, it has been debated whether the marketplace was a permanent or seasonal site, the conclusion generally being that it would not have become permanently occupied until the AD 780s–790s. Although other markers of ‘urbanness’ can be found in the archaeological evidence from eighth-century Ribe, permanency is here considered as a decisive argument for its definition. Indeed, it is believed that it is through year-round, long-lasting occupation that a distinctively un-rural daily life could take shape. The material from the excavations conducted in 1985–1986 at Sct Nicolajgade 8 forms the empirical basis for this reassessment. By integrating artefacts in the contextual interpretation of the well-stratified deposits that characterize the archaeology of the marketplace, it is possible to identify several markers of permanency (site foundation, domestic life, and houses). Among them, particular focus is put on houses, whose presence at the site has been the object of controversy in previous research. By reconsidering the evidence and by comparing it to house finds from contemporary urban sites in northwestern Europe, former statements about the presence of houses at the marketplace in Ribe are challenged.
To study the possible impact of astaxanthin on the cytogenetic manifestations of the simultaneous development of radiation-induced (RIBE) and tumor-induced bystander effect (TIBE) in human peripheral ...blood lymphocytes.
Peripheral blood lymphocytes from healthy persons and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were cultured separately or cocultured with or without previous irradiation in vitro by
Cs at a dose of 0.5 Gy. The cells were cultured with and without 20 μg/ml astaxanthin.
In the presence of astaxanthin, the decrease of chromosomal instability both in the variant with separate TIBE and with simultaneous development of TIBE and RIBE was observed as the reduction in the frequency of simple chromosome-type aberrations, namely, double fragments. The average level of chromatid-type aberrations did not change under the action of astaxanthin. Although the total chromosome instability in bystander cells diminished, this did not lead to the elimination of the RIBE and TIBE development in the presence of astaxanthin.
In the setting of experiment, astaxanthin did not reduce the frequency of chromatid-type aberrations in bystander cells due to RIBE and TIBE but reduced the frequency of simple aberrations of chromosomal type, not associated with the development of bystander response phenomenon.
