Izydorczyk, M. S., McMillan, T., Bazin, S., Kletke, J., Dushnicky, L. and Dexter, J. 2014. Canadian buckwheat: A unique, useful and under-utilized crop. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 509-524. Buckwheat is a ...broad-leafed herbaceous annual plant, belonging to the genus Fagopyrum of the family Polygonaceae, the “smartweed” family, also called the buckwheat, rhubarb, or sorrel family. Although not a cereal, buckwheat on the whole resembles cereal grains; it is handled and processed like other cereals and officially listed among the 20 grains inspected and graded by the Canadian Grain Commission. In addition to starch (65-75% dwb) and proteins (13-14% dwb), buckwheat is a source of flavonoids (with rutin being the most distinctive), a group of polyphenolic compounds with a potential to inhibit lipoprotein oxidation and to reduce risk of cardiovascular diseases, and fagopyritols, another group of unique bioactive compounds first identified in buckwheat and associated with reduction of symptoms on non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Buckwheat proteins do not contain gluten, and buckwheat is regarded as an excellent alternative source of protein for individuals with celiac disease. Buckwheat is a particularly good dietary source of Zn, Cu, Mn and Mg. Buckwheat starch and dietary fibre constituents exhibit some distinctive physicochemical and functional properties. Despite the availability of several high-yielding, high-quality Canadian buckwheat cultivars and the well-established production of buckwheat on the Canadian prairies, buckwheat is found in relatively few food products manufactured in North America, and Canada remains largely an exporter of buckwheat rather than its processor. Buckwheat can be roller milled into various types of flours with variable composition and properties. Buckwheat milling fractions can be relatively easily incorporated in a variety of food products to improve their nutritional qualities and potential health benefits, but much more attention should be paid to the development and improvement of modern food processing techniques to improve the palatability and acceptability of buckwheat products.
Tartary buckwheat, a healthy food, is associated with a reduced risk of certain human chronic diseases; however, its bioactive components are unknown. This study used hid performance liquid ...chromatography-photodiode array-mass spectroscopy (HPLC-PDA-MS) to identify the flavonoids in flavonoid-rich fractions (FRFs) from tartary buckwheat grain and tested antioxidative capacity of FRFs to confirm their bioactivity. Ultraviolet (UV) absorption and electrospray ionization (ESI-) MS/MS spectra identified several flavonols in the embryo, endosperm, testa, and hull, including the predominant flavonoid rutin and minor flavonoids quercetin 3-O-rutinoside-3'-O-β-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and quercetin. Tartary buckwheat FRFs extended the Rancimat induction period of lard less than common buckwheat FRF did, while their scavenging rate of DPPH free radicals exceeded that of common buckwheat FRF and rutin. These results indicate that tartary buckwheat FRFs from the grains have potential health benefits.
Isaak, C. K., Petkau, J. C., O, K., Ominski, K., Rodriguez-Lecompte, J. C, and Siow, Y. L. 2013. Seasonal variations in phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity ofCornus stoloniferaplant material: ...Applications in agriculture. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 725-734. The present study was carried out to establish the antioxidant capacity of plant material of Cornusstolonifera (syn. Cornus sericea, Red Osier Dogwood) grown in Manitoba, by measuring total phenolic content and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) over a 3-yr period. The presence and concentrations of flavonoids that might account for antioxidant abilities were investigated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and a total anthocyanins assay. Both ORAC levels and phenolic content increased during the spring, peaked during the summer months (1631.65±166.30 µmol trolox equivalents g-1 DW in July 2011, 220.38±2.29 mg gallic acid equivalents g-1 DW in August 2012), and then declined during the fall in all 3 yr. Analysis of individual flavonoids in 2010 samples revealed that high levels of rutin, a glycoside of quercetin, were present ranging from 7.46±0.09 (July 2010) to 18.77±0.23 mg g-1 dried sample (October 2010). Anthocyanin content was high in the spring, very low in the summer months, and increased in the fall over all 3 yr. Although polyphenolic and antioxidant content in Cornus spp. plants have been largely attributed to their berries, results from this study demonstrate that other plant material may also be an abundant source of these compounds.
In order to facilitate the quality control of the fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida, a simple, accurate and reliable HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of the three bioactive ...compounds: chlorogenic acid (1), rutin (2), and hyperin (3), which were selected as the chemical markers of C. pinnatifida. Separation was achieved on an Agilent Eclipse XDB-C18 column with a gradient solvent system of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid aqueous-acetonitrile at a flow-rate of 1.0 mL/min and detected at 254nm. All three calibration curves showed good linearity (R² greater than 0.998). The recoveries of three marker compounds were in the range of 94.87~111.52 %. The contents of chlorogenic acid (1), rutin (2), and hyperin (3) of the fruits of C. pinnatifida collected from 23 district markets in Korea, Japan, and China were 0.16~0.65 mg/g, 0.07~1.24 mg/g, and 0.03~0.62 mg/g, respectively. The results demonstrated that this method is simple and reliable for the quality control of the fruits of C. pinnatifida.
Directly coupled HPLC−NMR−MS was used to identify and confirm the presence of quercetin O-glycosides and phloretin O-glycosides in an extract of apple peel. From the MS and MS/MS data, the molecular ...weights of the intact molecules as well as those of quercetin and phloretin and their sugar moieties were deduced. The NMR data provided information on the identity of the compounds as well as the α and β conformations and the position of the glycosides on quercetin and phloretin. The following O-glycosides of quercetin could be identified: quercetin-3-α-l-rhamnosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucoside (rutin), quercetin-3-β-d-galactoside (hyperin), quercetin-3-β-d-glucoside (isoquercitrin), quercetin-3-β-d-xyloside (reynoutrin), quercetin-3-α-l-arabinofuranoside (avicularin), and quercetin-3-α-l-rhamnoside (quercitrin). Phloretin was present as phloretin-2‘-β-d-glucoside (phloridzin) and the 2‘-β-d-xylosyl-(1 → 6)-β-d-glucoside. Concentrations were between 0.2 and 5 mg/g of apple peel.
The Phenomenon of Czech Beer: a review Olsovska, J., Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Prague (Czech Republic); Cejka, P., Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Prague (Czech Republic); Sigler, K., Institute of Microbiology of the ASCR, Prague (Czech Republic) ...
Czech Journal of Food Sciences,
01/2014, Letnik:
32, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The character and authenticity of the Czech beer, which has been accorded the protected geographical indication (PGI) Ceske pivo by the EU, are based on specific technology and use of unique raw ...materials. A number of chemical and sensorial markers of the Czech beer differ from those of other lager or Pils-type beers. The majority of Czech beers contain residual (unfermented) extract. One of the most typical characteristics of Czech beers is the difference in attenuation; its long-term recorded limit value is 4.5%. Another important characteristic typical of the Czech beer is bitterness, which is mostly higher in comparison with other lagers, with the limit value at 29 EBC units. Also the colour, pH, and total polyphenol content are higher in the Czech-type beer. The limit parameters obtained by long-term monitoring were 11.8 EBC, 4.52 and 153 mg/l, respectively. Differences in amino acid and protein profiles and contents were also observed.
Stoffyn, O. M., Tsao, R., Liu, R. and Wolyn, D. J. 2012. The effects of environment and storage on rutin concentration in two asparagus cultivars grown in southern Ontario. Can. J. Plant Sci. 92: ...901-912. Flavonoids have been shown to have many human health benefits due to their antioxidant activity. Concentration of rutin, the primary antioxidant in asparagus spears, can vary significantly with cultivar, location and season. Assessment of rutin in cultivars across locations throughout the harvest season in Southern Ontario, as well as in stored asparagus, is important for defining the potential benefits of consuming local asparagus. The objectives of this research were to determine the effects of cultivar, harvest time, location, spear diameter and part, and storage of fresh spears and freeze-dried flour on rutin concentration. Sampling date over the 6-wk harvest season and location did not significantly affect rutin concentration in either of the two cultivars tested. Rutin concentration was inversely related to air temperature before harvest and spear diameter, and for any given diameter, was highest in the tops of spears and decreased towards the bottom, in both cultivars. Soil temperatures before harvest were not correlated with rutin concentrations. Storage of fresh spears at 4°C, or freeze-dried flour at varying temperatures, did not affect concentration. The stability of rutin concentration throughout the harvest season, across locations and in stored products suggests predictable antioxidant levels in Ontario-grown asparagus.
Samples of buckwheat from four cultivars grown at three locations in western Canada for 4 years were used to study the effect of cultivar, location, and growing season on the flavonoid content and ...antioxidative activities of the seed. Buckwheat contained an average of 387 and 1314 mg/100 g of flavonoid and 47 and 77 mg/100 g of rutin in the seed and hull, respectively. Location was the main source of variation for flavonoid and rutin contents of the seed, while growing season had significant influence on the flavonoid content of the hulls. Variation in antioxidative activities was mainly due to a cultivar × environment effect. Antioxidative activities expressed as AOX (Δ log A470/min), AA (% inhibition relative to control), and ORR (oxidation rate ratio) ranged from 0.42, 114, and 0.16 to 1.63, 48, and 0.59, respectively. Flavonoid content in buckwheat was strongly correlated with rutin content and weakly associated with antioxidative activities, while rutin content was not related to antioxidative activities. Keywords: Buckwheat; flavonoid; rutin; antioxidant; cultivar effects; seasonal variations; Fagopyrum esculentum
The aim of this study is to examine how physicians use clinical practice guidelines that call for routine HIV screening in a general adolescent medicine clinic and to determine how adolescent ...patients respond to routine screening. Physicians offered screening to 116 of 217 patients (53%) aged 13-21 who completed a survey. Physicians' offers conformed to the latest Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines with 73% of patients because some patients not offered a test had been screened within the last year. Physicians were three times more likely (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.3-6.8) to offer HIV screening to sexually active adolescents than to adolescents who reported no sexual history. Adolescent medicine physicians and their patients endorse the idea of routine screening as embodied in the latest CDC recommendations, but adolescents with no sexual history are less likely than other adolescents to accept screening when it is offered and to support a clinic policy of routine screening. Both physicians and their adolescent patients continue to test based on risk assessments.
Variation of Flavonoids Contents in Plant Parts of Mungbean Kim, D.K. (Jeollanam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Naju, Republic of Korea), E-mail: dkkim@jares.go.kr; Chon, S.U. (EFARINET Co. Ltd., TBI Center, Chosun University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea); Lee, K.D. (Dongshin University, Naju, Republic of Korea) ...
Korean journal of crop science,
(Sep 2008), Letnik:
53, Številka:
3
Journal Article
Recenzirano
This study carried out to investigate the variation of flavonoids contents in mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) according to plant parts, harvesting time, growth stage, and sowing time. Vitexin and ...isovitexin were found only in the seeds but not in the leaves, petioles, stems, and roots. Vitexin and isovitexin in seeds were detected only in the seed coat at concentration of 51.1 and 51.7 mgㆍg-¹, respectively, but not in the cotyledon. There were no differences in the content of vitexin and isovitexin in mungbean seeds according to early, recommended and late harvesting times. Rutin in leaves was isolated and identified as a functional substance. The content of rutin was the highest in the leaves and higher in the order of petioles and stems. However, there was no rutin in the seeds, roots, and pods. The highest rutin content in the leaves, petioles and stems was observed at the 3rd leaf stage, which was higher in the order of the 5th and 7th leaf stage.
PDF
