Though Greece is traditionally seen as an agrarian society, cattle were essential to Greek communal life, through religious sacrifice and dietary consumption. Cattle were also pivotal in mythology: ...gods and heroes stole cattle, expected sacrifices of cattle, and punished those who failed to provide them. The Cattle of the Sun ranges over a wealth of sources, both textual and archaeological, to explore why these animals mattered to the Greeks, how they came to be a key element in Greek thought and behavior, and how the Greeks exploited the symbolic value of cattle as a way of structuring social and economic relations.
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•The Co and Mo2C heterostructure supported on carbon (Co/Mo2C@C) is synthesized via a simple phase segregation method.•DFT calculations indicate that Co can improve the HER activity ...of Mo2C by electronic synergistic effect.•Post OER test indicate that Co can significantly improve the OER stability of Mo2C through a “self-sacrifice” effect.•Designed Co/Mo2C@C exhibits excellent overall water splitting performance in alkaline.
Molybdenum carbide (Mo2C) has emerged as a promising electrocatalyst for water splitting because of its Pt-like electronic structure. However, unsatisfactory Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity and poor Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) stability are obstacles to its practical application. Herein, we designed a strategy to improve the electrocatalytic performance of Mo2C by constructing a Co and Mo2C heterostructure supported on carbon (Co/Mo2C@C). Experimental and theoretical calculations showed the significant improvements caused by the synergistic effects between Co and Mo2C. Electrons from Co could transfer to Mo2C and accumulate on Mo. This promoted the adsorption of H2O and desorption of H, which improved the HER. In contrast, the Co could inhibit the oxidation and dissolution of Mo2C through a “self-sacrifice” effect, which significantly improved the OER stability of Mo2C. Owing to the synergetic effects between Co and Mo2C, the as-synthesized catalyst exhibited superior electrocatalytic performances in an alkaline electrolyte, and afforded low overpotentials of 98 and 254 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for catalyzing the HER and OER, respectively. Moreover, Co/Mo2C@C enabled overall water splitting at a cell voltage of 1.59 V, to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm−2 with an exceptional electrochemical stability that outperformed noble-metal catalysts.
This volume provides a thorough introduction to the major classic and modern writings dealing with religious sacrifice. Collected here are twenty five influential selections, each with a brief ...introduction addressing the overall framework and assumptions of its author. As they present different theories and examples of sacrifice, these selections also discuss important concepts in religious studies such as the origin of religion, totemism, magic, symbolism, violence, structuralism and ritual performance. Students of comparative religion, ritual studies, the history of religions, the anthropology of religion and theories of religion will particularly value the historical organization and thematic analyses presented in this collection.
This article reveals that managing processes related to measuring fiscal sacrifice involves control actions to ensure an accurate view of the State's revenue, expenditure situation, and the direct ...reciprocity between the budget accounts and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela's general balance sheet. It presents the perspectives of experienced individuals in this field, providing interpretations to questions such as: Which recording methodology would allow one to estimate the cost of tax expenditures? What methodological criteria should be considered when integrating the estimation process of tax expenditures with the budget formulation process? What are the procedural and operational implications that affect the recording of operations classified as fiscal sacrifice? To address these questions, it is proposed that the selection of the methodology for recording and measuring tax expenditures will depend on the objectives of the organizations involved. The methodological route adopted is phenomenological in nature (Husserl, 1982) since the study is based on the perspective of five (5) key informants. The instruments used for data collection include semi-structured interviews, and a structured intentional analysis matrix (Krippendorff, 1990) used to systematize it. In conclusion, the following categories were revealed: a characterization of methodologies related to the measurement of tax expenditures, the determination of the methodology for measuring tax expenditures present in Venezuela's tax practices, and an understanding of the procedural and operational implications for recording tax expenditures
Cet article révèle que la gestion des processus liés à la mesure du sacrifice fiscal implique des actions de contrôle visant à garantir une vision fiable de la situation des ressources et des dépenses de l'État et la réciprocité directe entre les comptes budgétaires et ceux de la balance générale de la République bolivarienne du Venezuela. Les opinions des sujets ayant une expérience dans ce domaine sont exprimées, en fournissant des interprétations aux questions suivantes : Quelle méthodologie d'enregistrement permettrait d'estimer le coût des dépenses fiscales ? Quels critères méthodologiques devraient être pris en compte lors de l'intégration du processus d'estimation des dépenses fiscales dans le processus de formulation du budget ? Quelles sont les implications procédurales et opérationnelles qui affectent l'enregistrement des opérations classées comme sacrifices fiscaux ? Pour répondre à cette question, il est proposé que le choix de la méthodologie d'enregistrement et de mesure des dépenses fiscales dépende de l'objectif poursuivi par les organismes concernés. La voie méthodologique adoptée est de nature phénoménologique (Husserl, 1982) puisque l'étude est basée sur la perspective de cinq (5) informateurs clés. Des entretiens semi-structurés ont été utilisés comme instrument de collecte d'informations et une matrice d'analyse structurée intentionnelle (Krippendorff, 1990) a été utilisée pour la systématisation des informations. Les résultats ont révélé les catégories suivantes : caractérisation des méthodologies qui se réfèrent à la mesure des dépenses fiscales ; détermination de la méthodologie de mesure des dépenses fiscales présente dans la pratique fiscale nationale ; compréhension des implications procédurales et opérationnelles pour l'enregistrement des dépenses fiscales
El presente artículo revela que la gestión de los procesos vinculados con la medición del sacrificio fiscal comporta acciones de control orientadas a garantizar una visión fidedigna de la situación de recursos y egresos del Estado y la reciprocidad directa entre las cuentas del presupuesto y las del balance general de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela. Se manifiesta el sentir de sujetos con experiencia en esta materia aportando interpretaciones ante las preguntas: ¿Cuál metodología de registro permitiría estimar el costo de los gastos tributarios? ¿Qué criterios metodológicos deberían considerarse al momento integrar el proceso de estimación de los gastos tributarios con el proceso de formulación presupuestaria? ¿Cuáles son las implicaciones procedimentales y operativas que afectan el registro de las operaciones calificadas como sacrificio fiscal? Para responder a esto, se plantea que la selección de la metodología para registrar y medir los gastos tributarios dependerá del objetivo perseguido por las instancias involucradas. La ruta metodológica adoptada es de carácter fenomenológica (Husserl, 1982) en virtud de que el estudio se fundamenta desde la perspectiva de cinco (5) informantes claves. Como instrumento de recolección de información se utilizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y para la sistematización de ésta se dispuso una matriz estructurada de análisis intencional (Krippendorff, 1990). Los resultados develaron las siguientes categorías: Caracterización de las metodologías que hacen referencia a la medición de los gastos tributarios; Determinación de metodología para la medición de los gastos tributarios presentes en la práctica impositiva nacional; Comprensión de las implicaciones procedimentales y operativas para el registro de los gastos tributarios
In this book, Chiara Ferrari interrogates how the rhetoric of sacrifice was used by the Italian fascist regime throughout the interwar years to support its totalitarian project and its vision of an ...all-encompassing bond between the people and the state.
In ancient China, the preparation of food and the offering up of food as a religious sacrifice were intimately connected with models of sagehood and ideas of self-cultivation and morality. Drawing on ...received and newly excavated written sources, Roel Sterckx's book explores how this vibrant culture influenced the ways in which the early Chinese explained the workings of the human senses, and the role of sensory experience in communicating with the spirit world. The book, which begins with a survey of dietary culture from the Zhou to the Han, offers intriguing insights into the ritual preparation of food - some butchers and cooks were highly regarded and would rise to positions of influence as a result of their culinary skills - and the sacrificial ceremony itself. As a major contribution to the study of early China and to the development of philosophical thought, the book will be essential reading for students of the period, and for anyone interested in ritual and religion in the ancient world.
Conservation governance is increasingly globalized, particularly supply chain polices implemented by multinational corporations. However, the ways that local elite narratives and power networks ...influence the design and implementation of policies is poorly understood. We examine the role that local agribusiness narratives have on producers’ resistance to supply chain policies through the concept of the “sacrifice frontier”. We theorize sacrifice frontiers are regions where reinforcing perceptions that conversion of native vegetation has high economic potential and low conservation importance combine with rapid processes of wealth and power consolidation by agribusiness interests. We posit that these dimensions of a sacrifice frontier make rapid land use change and ongoing social and ecological harm especially probable as they reinforce constraints on sustainability governance. Here, we build on existing theories of environmental sacrifice through the case of the Cerrado biome, Brazil’s most active deforestation frontier. We argue that in the Cerrado, and other sacrifice frontiers like it, interventions that seek to reduce native vegetation loss cannot rely on supply-chain led policies, but instead need to foster more territorial multi-sectoral and multi-stakeholder discussions to alter the narrative of sociocultural and biodiversity sacrifice locally. We suggest this can be achieved by paying attention to local needs in a manner that is inclusive to all land users present within a targeted landscape.
What is the meaning of the martyr’s sacrifice? Is it true that the martyr imitates Christ? After the “one and eternal” sacrifice of Jesus why are from time to time new (and often quite numerous) ...sacrifices necessary? What is the underlying concept concerning the divinity? How do these ideas survive in present times?These are the kind of questions behind the inquiries in this monograph. The author investigates martyrdom as a (voluntary) human sacrifice and wishes to demonstrate how human sacrifice has been turned into martyrdom. The two emblematic figures of this transformation are Iphigeneia and Isaac. Pesthy argues that all the peoples in the environment in which Christianity came into being are characterized by a very ambiguous and hypocritical attitude toward human sacrifice: while in theory they condemn it as barbarian and belonging to bygone times, in concrete cases they accept, admire and practice it. The same attitude survives in Christianity in which martyrs replace the human sacrifice of olden days: they are real sacrifices, not symbolical ones. Our feelings about martyrs can be very different: we may admire their unbending courage and heroism or be irritated by their stubbornness, or even feel disgusted at the fanaticism with which they strove for death. But whatever our feelings may be, we must admit that a very strong motivation is needed to accept voluntarily or even seek death (and, in the majority of cases, a very painful death at that).
A novel fixed Z-scheme Ag|AgBr/Ag/TiO2 photocatalyst composite film is prepared by continuous ion layer adsorption and sol-gel spin coating methods. Meanwhile, an immobilized reactor that can realize ...the separate collection of H2 and CO2 is also designed. The activity of the samples is evaluated through MG photocatalytic degradation with simultaneous hydrogen production. Some influence factors, AgBr film layer number, Ag foil thickness and TiO2 film layer number, are investigated on the activity of fixed Z-scheme Ag|AgBr/Ag/TiO2 photocatalyst composite film. The contribution of Ag SPR effect is also researched. The effects of irradiation time, MG concentration and used times are examined for searching optimum experiment conditions. A possible mechanism on MG photocatalytic degradation with simultaneous hydrogen production is proposed. It is wished that this work can provide a new idea in preparation of immobilized Z-scheme photocatalysts for efficiently degrading organic pollutants with simultaneous H2 production.
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•The fixed Z-scheme Ag.|AgBr/Ag/TiO2 photocatalyst can realize pure H2 production.•A fixed Z-scheme Ag.|AgBr/Ag/TiO2 photocatalytic H2 production reactor is designed.•The occurrence of SPR effect of Ag nanoparticles inhibits e− and h+ recombination.•Malachite green dye is used as a sacrifice agent for photocatalytic H2 production.•Fixed Z-scheme Ag.|AgBr/Ag/TiO2 photocatalyst composite film can be easily recycled.
