Kulturni fenomeni dvaju giganata Buhin, Anita
Časopis za suvremenu povijest,
2023, Letnik:
55, Številka:
1
Journal Article, Paper
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Samoupravni preobražaj kulture koji se temeljio na ustavnim i zakonskim promjenama prihvaćenim sredinom 70-ih godina XX. stoljeća značio je među ostalim i odbacivanje sintagme „kultura radnicima” kao ...ostatka prosvjetiteljsko-edukativne kulturne politike ranoga socijalizma. Novi kulturni smjer trebao je označiti povratak izvornim marksističkim idejama, iz kojih je kultura proizlazila kao sredstvo i način života te omogućavala radnikovo intelektualno ostvarenje u borbi protiv otuđenoga rada. Radne organizacije trebale su postati i kulturne organizacije u kojima je radnik trebao ostvariti sve svoje potrebe, koje su uključivale kreativno i umjetničko stvaralaštvo, konzumiranje vrhunske kulture i umjetnosti, ali i solidarnost, jednakost i dobre međusobne odnose. Na primjeru brodogradilišta Uljanik u Puli i tvornice turbina Jugoturbina u Karlovcu, kao dvaju industrijskih divova i centara društvenoga života u svojim općinama, analizira se primjena kulturne teorije jugoslavenskoga samoupravnog socijalizma i nove kulturne politike 70-ih i 80-ih godina.
Self-managerial transformation of culture was based on constitutional and legislative changes which happened in socialist Yugoslavia in the mid-1970s as a need for further advancement of self-management in the state. One of the results was the rejection of the, until then, popular phrase „Culture to the workers!” as a relict of outdated enlightening-educative cultural practices, which were widespread in the period of early socialism. New cultural policies were a symbol of turning back to the original Marx’s and Lenin’s writings. In that way, culture was now seen as a mean and way of life, and not only traditional cultural and artistic practices. It was supposed to help workers to overcome the alienation of their work and turn the working place into cultural space as well. There, workers could and should be able to satisfy all their needs: for the consumption of high culture and arts, for creative and artistic self-expression, but also to practice the ideas of solidary, equality and interpersonal relations as basis of self-managerial culture. This paper focuses on comparison of two case studies: Uljanik shipyard in Pula and Jugoturbina turbine factory in Karlovac. They were both industrial giants and economic and social centres of their municipalities, but also had wider, regional importance. Through the analysis of the factory newspapers and reports on cultural changes, successes and failures in the 1970s and 1980s, this paper aims to find out how applicable cultural theories created by Yugoslav intellectuals and cultural policies were.
U ovom je radu dan kritički prikaz prava na samoodređenje u kontekstu filozofske rasprave o imigraciji. U toj se raspravi pravo na samoodređenje uglavnom promatra kao temelj prava suverenih država na ...kontrolu i ograničenje imigracije. Argument iz samoodređenja za ograničenje imigracije – koji se poziva na pravo zajednice da se odredi i zaštiti određena dobra poput nacionalne kulture, prava na udruživanje ili prava vlasništva građana – počiva na specifičnoj interpretaciji samog prava na samoodređenje. Samoodređenje se u ovim raspravama promatra kao pravo koje je tijesno povezano s pravom na kontrolu i definiranje članstva zajednice, odnosno s pravom na kontrolu karakteristika zajednice i njezina budućeg razvoja. Ovoj interpretaciji prava bit će suprotstavljena interpretacija samoodređenja kao prava na samoupravljanje koja ne uključuje kontrolu nad članstvom kao bitan element. Time će se otvoriti prostor za propitivanje daljnjih implikacija ovakve interpretacije prava na samoodređenje u kontekstu rasprave o imigraciji.
U ovome se radu na primjeru riječkoga brodogradilišta “3. maj“ obrađuje tema organiziranoga slobodnog vremena u okviru radničkoga samoupravljanja Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije ...osamdesetih godina prošloga stoljeća. Prvi se dio rada bavi definiranjem organiziranoga slobodnog vremena te njegovim smještanjem u kontekst brodogradilišta “3. maj“, a drugi se dio rada posvećuje njegovu prikazu iz dviju perspektiva – one radnika s jedne strane, te poduzeća s druge. Cilj je rada prikazati načine provođenja organiziranoga slobodnog vremena trećomajskih radnika, a potom, na osnovi toga, pokazati njegovo značenje kako za radnike, tako i za poduzeće, čime se paralelno razotkrivaju i (ne)posredni razlozi za njegovo poticanje.
V prispevku sem predstavila zgodovinski razvoj koncepta samoupravljanja iz političnoekonomske teorije, kot so ga utemeljili utopični socialisti in anarhisti, na primer Pierre Joseph Proudhon (Kaj je ...lastnina?, 1890), v našem prostoru pa krščanski socialist Andrej Gosar leta 1935 v knjigi Za nov družbeni red. Edvard Kardelj (Smeri razvoja političnega sistema socialističnega samoupravljanja, 1979) je bil nato tvorec zakonodaje, ki je uvedla samoupravljanje v SFRJ v začetku 50. let 20. stoletja. Analizirala sem specifične okoliščine, ki so botrovale odločitvi za uvedbo samoupravljanja v SFRJ, ter razloge za njegov neuspeh oziroma prekinitev implementacije z razpadom Jugoslavije v začetku 90. let. Ocenila sem vpliv jugoslovanskega modela samoupravljanja na druge politične skupnosti v svetu do danes in kaj od tega koncepta je v sodobnosti ostalo oziroma oživelo v Sloveniji.V prispevku sem poskusila odgovoriti na naslednja vprašanja: Zakaj delavsko samoupravljanje v socialistični Sloveniji oziroma Jugoslaviji ni uspelo? Kako je mogoče koncept samoupravljanja misliti in reaktualizirati v sodobnem slovenskem politično-ekonomskem kontekstu? Ali avtonomizem, ki je ena izmed teoretskih podlag samoupravljanja, lahko konstituira učinkovito alternativo oziroma grožnjo neoliberalnemu globalnemu kapitalizmu?
Priređeni dokument govori o položaju radnika u Jugoslaviji 1964. godine. Posebna pažnja je posvećena niskim zaradama, lošim životnim uslovima, slaboj i neredovnoj ishrani i sveopštoj štednji koja je ...činila sastavni život radničke svakodnevice u Jugoslaviji. Vlajko Begović, autor ovog izveštaja, ulazio je u radničke kuće i razgovarao sa radnicima beležeći veliko nezadovoljstvo prilikama u zemlji i rastućim socijalnim razlikama, kao i pesimizam da će se u bliskoj budućnosti promeniti položaj najsiromašnijeg dela radništva. Autor se osvrnuo i na (ne)funkcionisanje samoupravljanja po jugoslovenskim preduzećima, podvojenosti radnika i službenika i napore da se, najčešće prekvalifikacijom, pošto-poto „pobegne“ iz radničke klase.
After the experience with people’s committees, small municipalities, and residential communities, socialist Yugoslavia began introducing local communities as self-governing units and communities of ...citizens within the new, larger municipalities. They were a way of strengthening social self-management and socialist direct democracy and, according to Marxist theory, envisioned as part of the withering away of the state, and therefore part of the process of de-bureaucratisation and humanisation of social relations. The foundations of the new socio-political organisation were set down by the 1963 Constitution, but it was only the 1974 Constitution that established local communities as one of the core parts of the socio-political system and a compulsory form of citizens’ self-government organisation. Envisioned as something akin to extended families, they were greatly dependent on initiatives from below, on the energy, enthusiasm, and free time of interested citizens. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the following questions: how was the concept of local communities envisioned; did citizens’ interest reach the expected level, and who were the activists among them; what prompted their enthusiasm, and how did they understand their activities? Based on our analysis, we establish the characteristic types of activists determined by generational, class, and interest relations. In defining the theoretical and practical aspects of social self-government in local communities, the paper refers to the Programme of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, constitutional and legal provisions, and the theoretical tenets of the actors of that period. Our approach also considers the then and current papers from the field of administrative sciences. The everyday and practical activities in local communities are analysed based on the writings published in Mjesna zajednica (Local Community), the specialised monthly of the Conference for the Development of Local Communities, which acted as part of the Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Yugoslavia, as well as archival data from the fond of the Republican Conference of the Socialist Alliance of the Working People of Croatia.
Članak prati ekspanziju Građevnog kombinata Međimurje iz Čakovca od njegova nastanka u 1960-ima do vrhunca svog poslovnog razvoja na samom kraju 1970-ih. S jedne strane članak predstavlja zanimljivu ...povijest tehnokracije, poduzetništva i poslovnog razvoja u vrijeme deregulirane planske ekonomije. S druge priča o modernizacijskom iskustvu jugoslavenske agrarne periferije i provincijalnog grada na samim marginama političkog interesa Beograda i Zagreba. Ovo istraživanje, između ostalog, ističe najvažnije karakteristike stvaranja velikih poslovnih sustava u samoupravljanju, a istovremeno proučava odnose i interakciju između poslovne i političke domene na lokalnoj razini. Također posredno preispituje uspjeh tržišne reforme u Jugoslaviji i istražuje odnose između poduzeća i Partije.
The article traces the expansion of a Čakovec-based construction enterprise Građevni kombinat Međimurje from its formation in the 1960s until it reached the peak of its business growth at the very end of the 1970s. On one hand, it is a compelling history of technocracy, entrepreneurship, and business development in a deregulated semi-planned economy. On the other, it is the story of the modernisation of Yugoslav agricultural periphery and the transformative experience of a provincial city on the fringes of Belgrade’s or Zagreb’s political interests. Among other things, the research underlines some of the most relevant characteristics related to the formation of large business systems in self-management. It scrutinises the relations and interactions between business and politics on a local level. Indirectly, the article questions the success of the market reform in Yugoslavia and seeks the boundary between the company and the Party.
Celotno besedilo
Dostopno za:
DOBA, IZUM, KILJ, NUK, ODKLJ, PILJ, PNG, SAZU, UILJ, UKNU, UL, UM, UPUK
Self-managing transformation of culture as a concept gained importance after numerous political and social changes in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), such as the adoption of a ...new Constitution in 1974 and the introduction of the Associated Labour Law in 1976. The term itself covers everything from party politics and workers’ (amateur) cultural practices, through free exchange of labour, to issues such as the humanisation of labour, interpersonal relations, and culture as a way of life. The proclaimed further democratisation of culture was to be achieved through the establishment of free exchange of labour between cultural workers (service providers) and workers in joint labour organisations (organizacije udruženog rada, OURs) and citizens in the local communities (mjesne zajednice, MZs), which was supposed to take place in the OURs and self-managing communities of interest (samoupravne interesne zajednice, SIZs). Through the establishment of bicameral delegate councils (one chamber comprising the ‘users’, i.e. the delegates of material production OURs and local communities, and the other ‘providers’, i.e. the delegates of culture OURs, amateur cultural-artistic associations, and independent artists), the cultural SIZs on the municipal level had to secure the conditions for satisfying the special and general cultural needs of all inhabitants of the municipality. This paper analyses the success of cultural reform on the micro level on the example of the Pula municipality, with special focus on the functioning of the delegate system.
This paper presents a case study of the thread and cotton yarn factory Dalmatinka in Sinj, focusing on workers’ culture as the backbone of collective memory within the local community. Starting with ...the history of this industrial plant, through the elaboration of the concept of labor in the context of socialist Yugoslavia, the study identifies several narrative elements as the basis for the construction of workers’ memory. Based on their accounts, the relationship between workers and the factory is explored through the concepts of life history and life story and in relation to the construct of the socialist man. Following these conclusions, the paper concentrates on contemporary interpretations of Dalmatinka’s immaterial heritage. An analysis of a civil initiative project, aimed at reevaluating the factory’s contribution to town’s infrastructural, economic and cultural development, indicates a sustained presence of Dalmatinka in the collective memory.
This article presents an analysis of some one hundred poems written by workers and published in workplace periodicals between 1947 and 1990. The workplace periodicals considered in the paper were ...published in the region of Istria in Croatia. Taking Istrian periodicals allowed examining different sectors of the economy – the mining industry, shipbuilding industry, and tourism – in performing this regional case study. The literary material considered in the paper appeared in the historical context of the Yugoslav self-management system with vaguely defined cultural policies. The paper focuses on the relationship between culture and self-management as a political and theoretical idea, and the way in which artistic amateur practices appears in this context. The analysis starts with grouping the poems and finding common themes, motifs and rhetorical structure. This forms the foundation for cultural analyses and interpretations. The interpretations start with poems written in the local čakavian dialect, followed by reflective and love poetry, and ending with poems with dealing with the topic of work and the workplace. Based on the theoretical framework developed by Michel de Certeau, the analysis shows that there is a connection between economic, political and everyday self-management practices on the one hand and the production of a highly varied and heteroglossic poetry written by workers on the other.
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