•Most American English vowels shift to lower F1 values when their duration is short.•Short duration vowels assimilate to their context but also neutralize.•Schwa shifts to lower F1 values too, ...suggesting that vowels do not neutralize to schwa.•Schwa is more variable than other vowels, replicating previous findings.•We propose that schwa’s apparent target in F1 is due to general vocalic properties.
Is American English schwa’s position determined solely by the context in which it appears? Do vowels neutralize to schwa when their duration is shorter? We address these two inter-related questions using the Buckeye corpus to study vowel behavior across multiple contexts of spontaneous speech. We find that all except tense high vowels shift to lower F1 values when their duration is relatively short, including lax high vowels and lexical schwas, rather than toward a mid-vowel position that schwa occupies when its duration is long. However, we also replicate the finding that schwa is more dependent on both context and duration than other vowels. The results are not consistent with the idea that schwa’s position is determined exclusively by the context in which it appears. However, schwa’s shift to higher F1 values when its duration is longer is not necessarily different from other vowels’ shift to higher F1 values when their duration is longer, making it unnecessary to argue that schwa’s mid-vowel properties are due to having a target in F1 terms.
Schwa Deletion in Hindi Language Speech Synthesis Magdum, Damodar; Patil, Tejaswini; Suman, Dr. Maloji
International journal of engineering and advanced technology,
09/2019, Letnik:
8, Številka:
6s
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Schwa deletion is important factor for conversion of Grapheme to Phoneme. In Hindi language each consonant has weak vowel. This weak vowel is called as inherent schwa. These schwa is deleted some ...cases in pronunciation. Written form and speech forms are different in Indian language. Schwa plays important role in speech form. Deletion and retention of weak vowel decides how words are pronounced. Words morphology is main factors that affects pronunciation. In current paper, we describe schwa handling, deletion and retention rules. Based on different rule we developed schwa deletion algorithm. This algorithm has been tested over 6000 high frequency words. We received accuracy result up to 80%. Based on result an application has been developed to provide user interface for the text processing component of text to speech system.
Elision is the least well investigated of the processes collectively known as ‘linking phenomena’ in French phonology. Data from a corpus of late 20th-century interviews show that 39% of new CV ...onsets created by forward resyllabification are due to elision (considerably more than those due to liaison or enchaînement of fixed consonants) and a further 9% to sites created by intrusive fillers (notably euh and hein), a source hitherto overlooked. Yet elision is not categorical. We document instances of minor but stable variability alongside tokens of non-elision of que and its compound forms. Non-elision is characteristic of fluent, relaxed speech and seems to be spreading. We argue that it is not motivated by phonology but by register and discourse factors in continuous speech.
In the present study, we argue in favour of adopting a moraic approach to the syllable to describe and explain phenomena in prosodic phonology. We indicate that the implementation of the mora (Hyman, ...1985) in the Saoura Spoken Arabic (henceforth SSA) syllables helps in explaining morpho-phonological processes, namely 'the Disparity in Epenthesis ' between words on the pattern CəCC and those on the pattern CCəC, and 'the Schwa Vowel deletion' in a specific morphological context. We attempt to clarify that in order to account for the difference in epenthesis between CəCC and CCəC, we have to refer to both the moraic structure and the inflectional paradigm. We also try to demonstrate that the assumed schwa vowel, inserted via an epenthesis rule, disappears in fluent speech.
•We examine realization of word-final zero∼schwa alternation in Northern French.•Participants produced monosyllabic words across two controlled lab studies.•Listener feedback, not frequency, affects ...schwa realization in an interactive task.•Both phonology and clarity influences schwa production in French.
Speech variation has been hypothesized to reflect both speaker-internal influences of lexical access on production and adaptive modifications to make words more intelligible to the listener. The current study considers categorical and gradient variation in the production of word-final schwa in French as explained by lexical access processes, phonological, and/or listener-oriented influences on speech production, while controlling for other factors. To that end, native French speakers completed two laboratory production tasks. In Experiment 1, speakers produced 32 monosyllabic words varying in lexical frequency in a word list production task with no listener feedback. In Experiment 2, speakers produced the same words to an interlocutor while completing a map task varying listener comprehension success across trials: in half the trials, the words are correctly perceived by the interlocutor; in half, there is misunderstanding. Results reveal that speakers are more likely to produce word-final schwa when there is explicit pressure to be intelligible to the interlocutor. Also, when schwa is produced, it is longer preceding a consonant-initial word. Taken together, findings suggest that there are both phonological and clarity-oriented influences on word-final schwa realization in French.
Le langage des productions audiovisuelles fictionnelles est un langage artificiel, préconstruit par des scénaristes et mis en scène par des acteurs – mais le but d’un film étant l’immersion du public ...dans la diégèse, les dialogues doivent être vraisemblables en termes d’oralité spontanée (cf. Bedijs 2012 et 2017, Goetsch 1985). Les caractères doivent parler un langage qui respecte les aspects sociaux et contextuels du diasystème, et si les personnages proviennent d’une région dialectale, on peut s’attendre à ce que leur langage reflète ce régiolecte dans une mesure compréhensible par le grand public. Dans cette contribution, nous proposons une analyse variationnelle des dialogues de deux fictions intitulées MARSEILLE, le long métrage (Merad 2016) et la série télévisée (Franck 2016), centrée sur la mise en scène du régiolecte marseillais. En partant des études récentes sur le « parler marseillais » (cf. Gasquet-Cyrus 2016, Géa & Gasquet-Cyrus 2017), nous prenons en compte surtout la réalisation du schwa et des voyelles nasales suivi de consonnes nasales et parfois d’un appendice vélaire, deux éléments considérés comme typiques de l’accent du Midi (cf. Coquillon & Durand 2010). Outre le constat que l’emploi de l’accent dépend du contexte communicatif, nous suggérons que la biographie des acteurs joue un rôle pour la crédibilité de cette mise en scène.
Perubahan segmen menjadi satu segmen yang lain ialah fenomena yang lazim berlaku dalam sesebuah dialek ataupun bahasa. Namun begitu, perubahan kepada beberapa segmen yang lain merupakan fenomena ...fonologi yang tidak lazim berlaku dan hanya segelintir kajian yang membincangkannya. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti perilaku fonologi vokal tengah schwa dalam dialek Minangkabau di Semenanjung Malaysia yang berubah kepada beberapa segmen yang lain dan menjelaskan setiap perilaku fonologi tersebut menggunakan analisis fitur dalam teori Transformasi Generatif yang diperkenalkan oleh Chomsky dan Halle (1968). Data dialek Minangkabau dalam kajian ini diperoleh daripada kajian lepas oleh Asmah et al. (2013) dan Ernawati (2019) yang diambil di Kampung Sesapan Batu Minangkabau, Beranang. Sejumlah 219 perkataan yang mempamerkan perilaku vokal schwa telah diambil untuk tujuan analisis, iaitu 211 perkataan daripada Asmah et al. (2013) dan lapan perkataan daripada Ernawati (2019). Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat empat perilaku fonologi vokal schwa dalam dialek Minangkabau, iaitu (1) perubahan schwa kepada vokal a, (2) perubahan schwa kepada vokal, (3) pengekalan vokal schwa di output, dan (4) pengguguran schwa dan segmen yang mengikutinya.
In this paper, we examine the acoustics of vowels in the Imilike ìmìlìkè dialect of Igbo (Igboid, Niger-Congo), which has not previously been done. While Standard Igbo has eight vowels, previous ...auditorily-based research has identified eleven vowels in Imilike. Like Standard Igbo, Imilike contrasts vowels in Advanced/Retracted Tongue Root (ATR vs. RTR). We find that there are eleven vowels, distinguished most reliably by F1, B1, energy (dB) of voiced sound below 500Hz and duration. The results of this study also suggest that RTR vowels in Imilike might involve the laryngeal constriction and movement that accompany pharyngealization. The ATR and RTR schwas have similar phonological distribution and acoustic patterns as the other ATR and RTR vowels in the language.
Grammont’s (1914) influential Law of Three Consonants (LTC) states that French schwa is obligatorily pronounced in any CC_C sequence to avoid three-consonant clusters. Later works have shown that ...schwa presence is also sensitive to the nature of the consonants involved, at least at the word and phrase levels. However the LTC is still generally considered as accurate under its original formulation to describe schwa-zero alternations at the stem level. The goal of the paper is to test whether the LTC should be relaxed even in this context. The paper presents two studies using judgment data to compare the behavior of schwa in derived words (stem-level phonology) and in inflected words (word-level phonology). The results of the two studies show that the nature of consonants involved in the CC_C sequence plays a role at both stem and word levels. Moreover, the same phonotactic asymmetries among consonant clusters are found in both contexts. The data therefore support a weaker version of the stem-level vs. word-level divide than what is usually assumed for French. This conclusion is strengthened by the results of a modeling study showing that a constraint-based grammar with the same phonotactic constraints across stem- and word-level phonologies provides a better fit to the judgment data from Study 1 and Study 2 than a grammar with different phononotactic constraints in the two morphosyntactic domains. The paper also replicates a number of earlier findings on the role of morphosyntactic domains, clash avoidance, and dialectal variation in schwa-zero alternations.
Gli ultimi mesi hanno visto protagonista del dibattito politico l’uso dello schwa come morfema di genere neutro, adatto a far riferimento alle persone non binarie, che non si identificano né nel ...genere femminile, né in quello maschile. Questo studio propone un’analisi delle diverse strategie di neutralizzazione di genere sub-standard italiane, utilizzate nella comunicazione scritta e informale delle comunità LGBTQIA+ online, con l’obiettivo di offrire una prima panoramica preliminare sull’effettivo uso che viene fatto di questi fenomeni. Attraverso l’annotazione manuale di CoGeNSI (Corpus of Gender Neutralization Strategies in Italian), un corpus formato da testi prodotti su pagine Facebook queer, si mostreranno le regolarità e le irregolarità nell’applicazione di queste strategie, le differenze d’uso tra i riferimenti alla propria persona e quelli ad altre persone, e il loro raro uso prettamente politico. Infine, si rifletterà su come queste strategie di neutralizzazione di genere sub-standard siano un fenomeno ampiamente caratterizzato dalla velocità e dall’espressività della comunicazione mediata dal computer informale.
PDF
