The Shakers – a religious community whose origins are founded in the eighteenth century – continue to exert an influence upon twenty-first century life, not for their religious teachings but rather ...through the simple yet elegant aesthetic they developed for the everyday artefacts they designed for themselves. Selling Shaker explores this influence and charts its evolution throughout the course of the twentieth century via the interest shown by the media, art institutions and general public in the Shaker story. While other books have sought to examine the origins of the religious or aesthetic basis of the movement, Selling Shaker examines the means by which the Shakers have been ‘promoted’ during the course of the last century by scholars and museum academics in order to establish a ‘national’ style. The book follows this process from high art to popular culture influences illustrating how the Shaker style has entered the general design consciousness and in doing so has become a generic style largely divorced from the original Shaker aesthetic.
The long-stroke shaker is essentially required for the calibration of low-frequency vibration transducers, whose performance parameters have significant impact on the calibration accuracy. The ...accurate measurement of these parameters is the prerequisite to establish a reliable vibration metrology and traceability system. Currently, an optical collimator or a reference accelerometer is applied to get the static parameter, the laser interferometry or triaxial sensor-based method is used to obtain the dynamic parameters. However, the former relies on an extra device which increases the complexity and cost of calibration system, and the latter is always difficult to accomplish the accurate and efficient measurement of these parameters. In this study, a binocular vision-based long-stroke shaker performance measurement method is investigated, which has ability to determine the static and dynamic parameters simultaneously during the calibration. This vision method obtains the shaker's bending by measuring the inclinations at the different positions of its guideway, and achieves the amplitude characteristic, distortion, repeatability as well as transverse ratio measurements by accurately acquiring the spatial displacements at different frequencies. Comparison experiments with the two commonly used inclination estimation methods, and the laser interferometry and sensor-based method demonstrate that the investigated method is able to get the satisfactory accuracies both for the static and dynamic parameters of long-stroke shaker in vibration calibration.
In 1788, following the death of charismatic founder Mother Ann Lee, the celibate religious group known as the Shakers set out to institutionalize equality of the sexes in their theology, government, ...and daily practice. In this book, Glendyne Wergland evaluates how well they succeeded in that mission by examining the experiences of women within Shaker communities over more than a century. Drawing on an extensive archive of primary documents, Wergland discusses topics ranging from girlhood, health, and dress to why women joined the Shakers and how they were viewed by those outside their community. She analyzes the division of labor between men and women, showing that there was considerable cooperation and reciprocity in carrying out most tasksfrom food production to laundering to gathering firewoodeven as gendered conflicts remained. In her conclusion, Wergland draws together all of these threads to show that Shaker communities achieved a remarkable degree of gender equality at a time when women elsewhere still suffered under the legal and social strictures of the traditional patriarchal order. In so doing, she argues, the experience of Shaker women served as a model for promoting women's rights in American political culture.
Abstract
Currently, the discussion on the modeling method characterized by the small electrodynamic shakers, especially the mathematic analytical method, is relatively sparse. In this paper, taking ...BK4809 as an example, a modeling method for small shakers based on analytical formulations is discussed. The detailed mathematical analysis and derivation process for the small shakers are performed, and the corresponding modeling formulations are concluded; then, the simulation tests are carried out in MATLAB. Through comparison with the reference data, the validation tests show that based on analytic formulations combined with the MATLAB built-in system identification functions, the results of modeling methods match well with the experiment data, and the concluded method is effective.
This second edition of Historical Dictionary of the Shakers contains a chronology, an introduction, appendixes, and an extensive bibliography. The dictionary section has over 300 cross-referenced ...entries on Shaker communities, industries, individual families, and important people.
The olive tree is an important crop in Portugal, where different levels of intensification coexist. The traditional olive orchards present profitability problems, mainly due to harvesting, so there ...has been a drastic reconversion towards high-density or super-high-density olive orchards. The latter present major constraints due to very specific needs for their use, being practically destined for new orchards. Consequently, the possibility of using systems based on canopy shakers in high-density olive orchards with local varieties is promising. The objective of this work is to evaluate a prototype canopy shaker for the harvesting of high-density olive orchards of the Portuguese variety 'Cobrançosa'. The evaluation is based on the study of canopy shaking in order to adapt canopy training and the adaptability of the machine. For this purpose, the vibration of 72 points of the tree canopy was recorded and a qualitative assessment of the harvest was carried out. Differences were found between the different zones according to the direction of the forward movement of the harvester and the distance to the trunk. These differences were associated with the values obtained for fruit detachment, and a greater quantity of fruit was harvested in the areas of the canopy in contact with the rods.
This paper presents an original contribution for the establishment of the high-cycle fatigue curves ε–Nf (strain versus cycle number to failure) of low carbon steel under vibratory testing. These ...curves are obtained thanks to a vibrational fatigue bench composed of an electrodynamic shaker and a closed loop vibration control system. The main advantage of this is the high frequency excitation compared to conventional fatigue systems. Three criteria based on strain gauge measurements are implemented to provide cycle numbers to failure Nf and to plot the fatigue curves. Furthermore, cycle numbers to failure are also assessed from two modal parameters (resonant frequency and loss damping factor) and compared with the results obtained from these three criteria. Some micrographies of fractured samples observed by scanning electron microscope reveal fatigue striations but also intergranular fracture.
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•Accelerated vibrational fatigue-testing methodology using electrodynamic shaker•Establishment of the high-cycle fatigue curves•Failure criteria defined from the reduction of the strain slope are used.•Comparison of the failure criteria with modal parameter changes
2.0 Vortex shakers can be used to study the dustiness of powders. A parametric study has been performed to estimate the influence of diverse features on a traced particle's movements. The air flow ...has almost no effect on the particle's motion. Increasing the powder mass from 2 g to 4 g has no effect on the horizontal coordinates but increases the height and tends to decrease the velocity. Using a larger tracer particle does not affect the height but it increases the width of the horizontal coordinates and the velocity. Increasing the rotation speed from 1000 rpm to 2500 rpm has contradictory consequences. The effects on the other variables are unsystematic and depend on whether 2 g or 4 g of powder have been used. Plausible explanations could be offered for several of the trends but numerical modelling will be necessary for accounting for all findings.
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•A parametric study of the Vortex Shaker (VS) was performed.•Deactivating the air stream has almost no effects.•Increasing the powder mass lowers the velocities but raises the height.•Increasing the particle's size raises the horizontal but lowers the vertical velocities.•Increasing the rotation speed has unsystematic effects.
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