Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in human milk plays a central role in complex maternal-infant interactions that influence long-term health outcomes. Governed by genetics and maternal microbial ...exposure, human milk SIgA shapes both the microbiota and immune system of infants. Historically, SIgA-microbe interactions have been challenging to unravel due to their dynamic and personalized nature, particularly during early life. Recent advances have helped to clarify how SIgA acts beyond simple pathogen clearance to help guide and constrain a healthy microbiota, promote tolerance, and influence immune system development. In this review, we highlight these new findings in the context of the critical early-life window and propose outstanding areas of study that will be key to harnessing the benefits of SIgA to support healthy immune development during infancy.
The infant gut microbiota is critical for promoting and maintaining early-life health. The study aimed to analyze the composition of sIgA-coated and sIgA-uncoated bacterial communities at genus level ...and lactobacilli and bifidobacterial communities at species level in human breast milk (HBM) and infant and maternal feces. Eleven pregnant women were recruited successfully. HBM; infant feces during colostrum, transition, and mature stages; and maternal feces within the mature stage were collected. sIgA-coated and sIgA-uncoated bacteria were separated with magnetic-activated cell sorting. Then, 16S rRNA sequencing, bifidobacterial groEL gene sequencing, and lactobacilli groEL gene sequencing were performed to analyze the bacterial community. PCoA revealed that the compositions of sIgA-coated and sIgA-uncoated bacteria were different among HBM and infant and maternal feces. Higher relative abundance of sIgA-uncoated Bifidobacterium was found in the three lactation stages in infant feces compared to the corresponding HBM, and a higher relative abundance of sIgA-uncoated Faecalibacterium was found in maternal feces compared to HBM and infant feces. For bifidobacterial community, sIgA-coated and sIgA-uncoated B. longum subsp. infantis and B. pseudocatenulatum was dominant in infant feces and maternal feces, respectively. The relative abundance of sIgA-uncoated B. longum subsp. infantis was significantly higher in infant feces compared to that in maternal feces. For the Lactobacillus community, L. paragasseri and L. mucosae were dominant in infant and maternal feces, respectively. HBM and infant and maternal feces showed distinct diversity and composition of both sIgA-coated and sIgA-uncoated bacteria at genus level. Infant and maternal feces showed similar composition of Bifidobacterium at species level. The same Bifidobacterium species could be detected both in sIgA-coated and -uncoated form. This article provided deeper understanding on the microbiota profile in HBM and infant and maternal feces.
Mucosal vaccines: wisdom from now and then Kiyono, Hiroshi; Yuki, Yoshikazu; Nakahashi-Ouchida, Rika ...
International immunology,
12/2021, Letnik:
33, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Abstract
The oral and nasal cavities are covered by the mucosal epithelium that starts at the beginning of the aero-digestive tract. These mucosal surfaces are continuously exposed to environmental ...antigens including pathogens and allergens and are thus equipped with a mucosal immune system that mediates initial recognition of pathogenicity and initiates pathogen-specific immune responses. At the dawn of our scientific effort to explore the mucosal immune system, dental science was one of the major driving forces as it provided insights into the importance of mucosal immunity and its application for the control of oral infectious diseases. The development of mucosal vaccines for the prevention of dental caries was thus part of a novel approach that contributed to building the scientific foundations of the mucosal immune system. Since then, mucosal immunology and vaccines have gone on a scientific journey to become one of the major entities within the discipline of immunology. Here, we introduce our past and current efforts and future directions for the development of mucosal vaccines, specifically a rice-based oral vaccine (MucoRice) and a nanogel-based nasal vaccine, with the aim of preventing and controlling gastrointestinal and respiratory infectious diseases using the interdisciplinary fusion of mucosal immunology with agricultural science and biomaterial engineering, respectively.
Breast milk confers many benefits to the newborn and developing infant. There is substantial support for better long-term outcomes, such as less obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, in ...breastfed compared with formula-fed infants. More short-term outcomes, such as incidence and duration of illness, nutrient status, and cognitive development during the first year of life also demonstrate benefits of breastfeeding. Several proteins in breast milk, including lactoferrin, α-lactalbumin, milk fat globule membrane proteins, and osteopontin, have been shown to have bioactivities that range from involvement in the protection against infection to the acquisition of nutrients from breast milk. In some cases, bovine counterparts of these proteins exert similar bioactivities. It is possible by dairy technology to add protein fractions highly enriched in these proteins to infant formula.
Background: The most widely used vaccination against SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is the Pfizer vaccine, which provides protection against this virus. However, its ability to safeguard ...the oral cavity is unclear, and neither are the exact immunological biomarker levels it activates. This study aims to detect if the Pfizer-BionTech covid-19 vaccine protects the oral cavity after vaccination by estimating the salivary sIgA levels, IL-21 in saliva for subjects before and after vaccination with the Pfizer covid-19 vaccine. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 70 subjects were followed up: the non-vaccinated individuals served as the control group, and those who received the first and second doses of the vaccine constituted the study group. The salivary biomarkers sIgA and IL-21 were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. Results: The current study showed a highly significant (p=0.0001) in secretary-IgA levels after the first vaccination in follow-up compared with non-vaccinated in same subjects (as control), while a non-significant when compared with after second vaccination groups. However, salivary IL-21 levels showed highly significant differences between the non-vaccinated follow-up comparing with after first and after second vaccination also compared the first with second followed up groups reflect an increased and highly significant difference (p<0.001). Conclusion: The current study shows that the Pfizer vaccine has a minimal impact on sIgA levels due to its primary role in systemic rather than local salivary protection. However, a rise in IL-21 was observed after the first dose in non-infected participants, indicating its systemic protective effectiveness, which stabilizes after the second dose.
This cross-sectional study investigated the association between air pollutant (AP) and respiratory health of 951 children residing near a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill in Northern China. ...Results showed that students in non-exposure areas had significantly higher levels of lysozyme, secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA), and better lung capacity than students in exposure areas (p < .05). Multiple regression model analysis indicated that lysozyme levels exhibited a consistent negative association with methane (CH4: β = −76.3, 95% CI –105 to −47.7) and sulfuretted hydrogen (H2S: β = −11.7, 95% CI –20.2 to −3.19). In addition, SIgA levels were negatively associated with H2S (β = −68.9, 95% CI –97.9 to −39.9) and ammonia (NH3: β = −30.3, 95% CI –51.7 to −8.96). Among all AP, H2S and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were the most robustly related with reduced lung function. H2S exposure was negatively associated with six lung function indices, 1-s forced expiratory volume (FEV1%), mean forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% (MMF), maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV), and forced expiratory flow at 25%, 50%, and 75% of the pulmonary volume (FEF25, FEF50, FEF75); and SO2 was negatively associated with FEV1%, MVV, FEF25, FEF50 and FEF75. Our results suggested that AP exposure was negatively associated with more lung function parameters in boys than in girls. In conclusion, our findings suggested that children living adjacent to landfill sites were more likely to have deficient non-specific immunity and impaired lung function.
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•Higher levels of lysozyme, SIgA, and better lung capacity were observed in students from non-exposure areas.•Lysozyme was negative association with CH4 and H2S, while SIgA was negatively associated with H2S or NH3.•H2S and SO2 were most robustly related with reduced lung function.•AP exposure may influence lung function more in male than in female students.•Children living adjacent to a landfill were more likely to have deficient non-specific immunity and impaired lung function.
Children living adjacent to landfill sites were more likely to have deficient non-specific immunity and impaired lung function.
Introduction Infection with SARS-CoV-2 begins in the upper respiratory tract and can trigger the production of mucosal spike-specific secretory IgA (sIgA), which provides protection against ...reinfection. It has been recognized that individuals with high level of nasal spike-specific IgA have a lower risk of reinfection. However, mucosal spike-specific sIgA wanes over time, and different individuals may have various level of spike-specific sIgA and descending kinetics, leading to individual differences in susceptibility to reinfection. A method for detecting spike-specific sIgA in the nasal passage would be valuable for predicting the risk of reinfection so that people at risk can have better preparedness. Methods In this study, we describe the development of a colloidal gold-based immunochromatographic (ICT) strip for detecting SARS-CoV-2 Omicron spike-specific sIgA in nasal mucosal lining fluids (NMLFs). Results The ICT strip was designed to detect 0.125 μg or more spike-specific sIgA in 80 μL of NMLFs collected using a nasal swab. Purified nasal sIgA samples from individuals who recently recovered from an Omicron BA.5 infection were used to demonstrate that this ICT strip can specifically detect spike-specific sIgA. The signal levels positively correlated with neutralizing activities against XBB. Subsequent analysis revealed that people with low or undetectable levels of spike-specific sIgA in the nasal passage were more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 reinfection. Conclusions This nasal spike-specific sIgA ICT strip provides a non-invasive, rapid, and convenient method to assess the risk of reinfection for achieving precision preparedness.
The oral cavity is home to the second most diverse microbiome in the human body. This community contributes to both oral and systemic health. Acquisition and development of the oral microbiome is a ...dynamic process that occurs over early life; however, data regarding longitudinal assembly of the infant oral microbiome is scarce. While numerous factors have been associated with the composition of the infant oral microbiome, early feeding practices (breastfeeding and the introduction of solids) appear to be the strongest determinants of the infant oral microbiome. In the present review, we draw together data on the maternal, infant, and environmental factors linked to the composition of the infant oral microbiome, with a focus on early nutrition. Given evidence that breastfeeding powerfully shapes the infant oral microbiome, the review explores potential mechanisms through which human milk components, including microbes, metabolites, oligosaccharides, and antimicrobial proteins, may interact with and shape the infant oral microbiome. Infancy is a unique period for the oral microbiome. By enhancing our understanding of oral microbiome assembly in early life, we may better support both oral and systemic health throughout the lifespan.
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