Bilingualism is increasingly prevalent; however, research in bilingual children with autism is sparse. The purpose of this study was to compare social skills and autistic features in monolingual ...English and bilingual English-Spanish children with autism spectrum disorder.
We conducted a review of the multidisciplinary evaluations done in all children aged one to six years diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder in an inner city, university-affiliated clinic from 2003 to 2013. Collected information included demographics, developmental testing, and autistic characteristics.
We identified 462 children; 165 were bilingual English-Spanish and 297 were monolingual English. Parents of bilingual children reported stereotyped or repetitive use of language more often (66% vs 48% P = 0.002) than monolinguals. Significant differences were not found in social interaction, use of nonverbal behaviors, peer relationships, sharing or social or emotional reciprocity, mannerisms, or autism severity.
Bilingualism does not seem to confer an extra vulnerability on children with autism spectrum disorder; however, differences in qualitative use of language were observed.
Female honor killing is a particular form of femicide, where the killing of a woman is perpetrated by a member or members of her family who do not approve of her social behavior in general and her ...sexual behavior in particular. The study of female honor killing tends to focus on a cultural examination of honor cultures yet lacks exploration of possible social factors that may influence such gendered killing. Possible links between female honor killing incidence and various social factors, among them poverty, low social status, and rapid modernization, were recently postulated, however empirical validation of these hypotheses has yet to be thoroughly explored. This article offers empirical observations of an explorative nature of social factors that may play a role in the frequency of female honor killing. The research’s methodological design distinguishes between the various Arab subgroups in Israel along their correlated ingrained social characteristics and offers a comparative empirical analysis obtained from nation-based data on female honor killings among the various Arab subgroups (excluding the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem) during a 6-year period (2010-2015). The research is based on a secondary analysis of data extrapolated from media surveillance. A total of 58 eligible cases were found and comprised the research sample. Frequency analysis of femicide events and victims was performed for each Arab subgroup. Despite the small number of cases and the research’s explorative and tentative nature, it provides preliminary empirical indications of possible links between female honor killing frequency and social factors such as low economic status and rapid modernization. The article’s novel empirical indications may be of great relevance to societies currently facing the challenge of assimilating a growing number of Arab and Muslim social groups.
Currently, Romania’s rural area is undergoing a restructuring process (demographic, economic, social) acquiring new dimensions and characteristics. In the current paper we focus on the social ...characteristics of the rural area of Romania, as a consequence of the economic restructuring. Its aim is to identify the current patterns of social development and their territorial inequalities at a micro-scale level by assessing the levels of social development based on a Social Disadvantage Index (SDI). The indicators used for SDI include unemployment, employment in agriculture, dwellings quality, education, health. The results show that the deeply social disadvantaged rural areas are located in the north-eastern, south-eastern, south and south-western parts of Romania. The territorial continuity of these areas is interrupted by the presence of some metropolitan areas (Iaşi, Galaţi-Brăila, Constanţa, Bucharest, Piteşti, Ploieşti, Craiova). The rural settlements located in the central and western parts of Romania register some of the lowest SDI values being concentrated in counties well known for the very low degree of socio-economic development: Vaslui, Dolj, Olt and Teleorman. The research is in line with
Romania’s Territorial Development Strategy
which aims to ensure an integrated strategic planning to guide the national territorial development processes.
Purpose
Esports (electronic sports) are watched by hundreds of millions of people every year and many esports have overtaken large traditional sports in spectator numbers. The purpose of this paper ...is to investigate spectating differences between online spectating of esports and live attendance of esports events. This is done in order to further understand attendance behaviour for a cultural phenomenon that is primarily mediated through internet technologies, and to be able to predict behavioural patterns.
Design/methodology/approach
This study employs the Motivation Scale for Sports Consumption to investigate the gratifications spectators derive from esports, both from attending tournaments physically and spectating online, in order to explore which factors may explain the esports spectating behaviour. The authors investigate how these gratifications lead into continued spectatorship online and offline, as well as the likelihood of recommending esports to others. The authors employ two data sets, one collected from online spectators (
n
=888), the other from live attendees (
n
=221).
Findings
The results indicate that online spectators rate drama, acquisition of knowledge, appreciation of skill, novelty, aesthetics and enjoyment of aggression higher than live attendees. Correspondingly, social interaction and physical attractiveness were rated higher by live attendees. Vicarious achievement and physical attractiveness positively predicted intention to attend live sports events while vicarious achievement and novelty positively predicted future online consumption of esports. Finally, vicarious achievement and novelty positively predicted recommending esports to others.
Originality/value
During the past years, esports has emerged as a new form of culture and entertainment, that is unique in comparison to other forms of entertainment, as it is almost fully reliant on computer-human interaction and the internet. This study offers one of the first attempts to compare online spectating and live attendance, in order to better understand the phenomenon and the consumers involved. As the growth of esports is predicted to continue in the coming years, further understanding of this phenomenon is pivotal for multiple stakeholder groups.
Using longitudinal data from the Youth Development Study (analytic sample N = 712), we investigate how age, adult role acquisition and attainments, family resources, parent—child relationship ...quality, school attendance, and life events influence support received from parents in young adulthood. Parental assistance was found to be less forthcoming for those who had made greater progress on the road to adulthood, signified by socioeconomic attainment and union formation. The quality of mother—child and father—child relationships affected parental support in different ways, positively for mothers, negatively for fathers. School enrollment, negative life events, and employment problems were associated with a greater likelihood of receiving support. The findings suggest that parents act as "scaffolding' and "safety nets" to aid their children's successful transition to adulthood.
Brand equity is a valuable intangible asset for companies, yet is increasingly difficult in managing in an era with hard to control social media. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ...effect of social media usage characteristics on electronic word-of-mouth (e-WOM), trust, and brand equity by dividing the characteristics to personality, social, and information. A survey was administered to 430 respondents who had experience of using airline social media and the collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the personality and informational characteristics from social media usage had statistically significant effects on e-WOM. It was found that the e-WOM had significant effects on trust and also on brand awareness. The trust was shown to have a statistically significant effect on brand awareness and brand image. Therefore, this study categorizes social media usage characteristics into three characteristics: personality characteristics, social characteristics, and information characteristics, and each of these usage characteristics present a strategy to improve actual brand equity of airline through e-WOM and trust in empirical methods. The findings of this study are expected to provide fundamental data for the development of strategies related to airline social media. In addition, this study has implications for suggesting to improve brand equity through e-WOM and trust.
Abstract
Objective
This study aims to examine factors associated with fathers' use of parental leave in Canada, considering a rich set of individual, family, and employer characteristics.
Background
...The province of Quebec and the rest of Canada have two different parental benefits programs and show different patterns in fathers' parental benefit use. Also, the role of employers in fathers' benefit use has gained little attention in the Canadian context.
Method
Using Canadian administrative data, logistic regression models were estimated separately for the two regions to examine characteristics associated with the likelihood of using parental benefits among fathers whose first child was born in 2016.
Results
The percentage of male coworkers who used parental benefits, employer's industry, fathers' earnings, and whether the mother received parental benefits were important factors for fathers' parental benefit use in both Quebec and the rest of Canada. Some of these associations were opposite in the two regions.
Conclusion
Not only individual and family characteristics but also employer characteristics are important for understanding fathers' parental benefit use, and these associations depend on the design of a parental benefit program.
Implications
Findings can be used to improve a parental benefit program to target fathers with low uptake or their employers.
A great deal of literature has examined features of the physical built environment as predictors of opioid overdose and other substance use-related outcomes. Other literature suggests that social ...characteristics of settings are important predictors of substance use outcomes. However, there is a dearth of literature simultaneously measuring both physical and social characteristics of settings in an effort to better predict opioid overdose. There is also a dearth of literature examining built environment as a predictor of overdose in non-urban settings. The present study presents a novel socio-built environment index measure of opioid overdose risk comprised of indicators measuring both social and physical characteristics of settings — and developed for use in both urban and non-urban settings — and assesses its validity among 565 urban, suburban, and rural New Jersey municipalities. We found that this novel measure had good convergent validity, based on significant positive associations with a social vulnerability index and crime rates, and significant negative associations with a municipal revitalization index and high school graduation rates. The index measure had good discriminant validity, based on lack of association with three different racial isolation indices. Finally, our index measure had good health outcome-based criterion validity, based on significant positive associations with recent overdose mortality. There were no major differences between rural, suburban, and urban municipalities in validity analysis findings. This promising new socio-built environment risk index measure could improve ability to target and allocate resources to settings with the greatest risk, in order to improve their impact on overdose outcomes.
The genetic disorder Williams syndrome (WS) is associated with a propulsion towards social stimuli and interactions with people. In contrast, the neuro-developmental disorder autism is characterised ...by social withdrawal and lack of interest in socially relevant information. Using eye-tracking techniques we investigate how individuals with these two neuro-developmental disorders associated with distinct social characteristics view scenes containing people. The way individuals with these disorders view social stimuli may impact upon successful social interactions and communication. Whilst individuals with autism spend less time than is typical viewing people and faces in static pictures of social interactions, the opposite is apparent for those with WS whereby exaggerated fixations are prevalent towards the eyes. The results suggest more attention should be drawn towards understanding the implications of atypical social preferences in WS, in the same way that attention has been drawn to the social deficits associated with autism.
For this paper, data (unpublished and published historical sources, relevant literature, official papers, press, periodicals, etc.) were researched and presented in the content, which speaks about ...the characteristics and some features of economic and social „development“ of Bosnia and Herzegovina during monarchist Yugoslavia. Understanding and knowing this issue can help to understand the disproportion of unequal development of certain parts of the former common state, the attitude of central authorities towards Bosnia and Herzegovina, the causes that led to the disproportion, and monitoring the process of transformation of Bosnian society from agrarian to industrial at the transition from 19th to 20th century in monarchist Yugoslavia, and, especially, during the post - war reconstruction and the first five - year plan. That is, verified data are offered on the basis of which one can follow such a complex process for which it was necessary to consult a significant number of archival documents. Most space was given to comparing economic development and highlighting the social characteristics of Bosnia and Herzegovina with other provinces that were part of monarchist Yugoslavia. The facts show that one of the basic features of the industry of the former Yugoslavia was that there was a big difference in the level of development of certain of its parts. While the branches of light industry, especially food and textile, were relatively developed, some branches almost did not exist, or were very poorly developed: oil production, electrical industry, metallurgy, machinery, energy and others. The difference was evident in the level of development in some provinces of the former Yugoslavia. The western and northern parts (Slovenia, Croatia, Vojvodina) were significantly more industrially developed than the eastern and central parts (Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina). Thus, for example, Slovenia entered Yugoslavia with 1.325 million dinars of capital invested in industry per 1,000 inhabitants, Croatia with Slavonia and Dalmatia with 0.727 million, Serbia with 0.594 million, etc. In relation to the number of inhabitants, the highest industry was built in Slovenia, and the least next to Montenegro in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In the period from 1918. to 1938, a total of 2,193 industrial and processing companies were built in Yugoslavia. Of that, 403 companies in Slovenia or 18.4%, although it accounts for 8.2% of the total population; in Croatia 635 companies or 29%, and its share in the population was 24.1%; in Bosnia and Herzegovina 129 companies or 5.88%, although its share in the total population of Yugoslavia was 16.7%. Another important feature of Yugoslav industry between the two world wars was the technical backwardness of those branches that were more or less developed. Old and worn-out machines were procured from industrialized countries, which were thrown out of the production process there. The third characteristic was the irrational placement of companies away from raw materials, roads and markets. Factories were built regardless of the raw material base, but the profit was mostly taken into account and was the driving force. A further characteristic is related to the fact that in almost all industries it was present, and in the largest and technically most modern companies, the dominant foreign capital. It forced the export of ore, wood and other raw materials and imported finished products at expensive prices. The content presented here provides relevant information on some, significant (key) events that were crucial for answering the research question.
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