Background
Patients with severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD) demonstrate multifaceted impairments in social cognition abilities, including emotional decoding or Theory of Mind. Such impairments are ...associated with real‐life interpersonal difficulties, which in turn could contribute to the persistence of SAUD. However, little is known regarding how patients with SAUD make decisions in a social context and this literature has not been comprehensively reviewed.
Objectives
The main aim of this paper was to conduct the first review specifically focusing on social decision‐making abilities in SAUD. Following PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews, we describe existing knowledge regarding the difficulties experienced by patients with SAUD during social interactions. Our second objective was to propose perspectives for future research, based on the shortcomings identified in the available literature.
Design
We searched three online databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus) and identified 14 papers using behavioral tasks to assess social decision making in patients with SAUD.
Results
Included studies assessed social decision making through three paradigms: (1) economic games (four papers), (2) moral dilemmas (four papers), and (3) interpersonal problem‐solving (six papers). Results indicated that patients with SAUD behave differently from controls in all three paradigms.
Conclusions
Previous studies suggested large‐scale social decision‐making impairments or biases in SAUD. However, in light of the limited number of studies available and of the restricted set of processes measured, we call for the extension of this field through more ecologically relevant and model‐based paradigms in order to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of these effects.
Patients with severe alcohol use disorder (SAUD) demonstrate multifaceted social cognition impairments, but less is known regarding their decisions in social contexts. We reviewed studies exploring social decision‐making in SAUD, which focused on economic games, moral dilemmas and social problem‐solving. They suggest that patients with SAUD present increased unfairness sensitivity in economic games, utilitarian bias in social dilemmas and reduced social problem‐solving abilities. A better understanding of these processes may improve relapse prevention strategies, as interpersonal difficulties affect disease’s course.
Weighing In takes on the "obesity epidemic," challenging many widely held assumptions about its causes and consequences. Julie Guthman examines fatness and its relationship to health outcomes to ask ...if our efforts to prevent "obesity" are sensible, efficacious, or ethical. She also focuses the lens of obesity on the broader food system to understand why we produce cheap, over-processed food, as well as why we eat it. Guthman takes issue with the currently touted remedy to obesity—promoting food that is local, organic, and farm fresh. While such fare may be tastier and grown in more ecologically sustainable ways, this approach can also reinforce class and race inequalities and neglect other possible explanations for the rise in obesity, including environmental toxins. Arguing that ours is a political economy of bulimia—one that promotes consumption while also insisting upon thinness—Guthman offers a complex analysis of our entire economic system.
CONSIDERATIONS ON SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN SPORT POPA MARIAN GABRIEL; DIACONESCU DRAGOȘ LAURENȚIU; POPESCU MARIUS CĂTĂLIN ...
Analele Universităţii Constantin Brâncuşi din Târgu Jiu : Seria Economie,
02/2023
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Sport has come to have all these valences due to its global popularity and the major force it has in promoting the importance of movement for various aspects of a person's life, a community or a ...society. Thus emerged the concept of sport for social impact, which in a broader definition represents the ways in which sport and physical education can be used consciously and with intention as part of interventions that solve major problems such as pollution, discrimination, poor health, access to education, lack of civic involvement. Although we most often look at sports activities with a hat of performance, of large global competitions, of established athletes, sport for social impact has at least as consistent a dimension, only that most of the time it is marginal to some sports activities assimilated to sports of performance. This paper begins with a presentation of what social entrepreneurship in sports means, then continues with a small study carried out by those from Ashoka who analysed the local dimension of sports entrepreneurship and discovered hundreds of projects of this kind in Romania, and in the last part presents some of the successful project’s representative of social entrepreneurship in the sports field.
Appropriate social problem solving constitutes a critical skill for individuals and may rely on processes important for self-generated thought (SGT). The aim of the current study was to investigate ...the link between SGT and social problem solving. Using the Means-End Problem Solving task (MEPS), we assessed participants' abilities to resolve daily social problems in terms of overall efficiency and number of relevant means they provided to reach the given solution. Participants also performed a non-demanding choice reaction time task (CRT) and a moderately-demanding working memory task (WM) as a context in which to measure their SGT (assessed via thought sampling). We found that although overall SGT was associated with lower MEPS efficiency, it was also associated with higher relevant means, perhaps because both depend on the capacity to generate cognition that is independent from the hear and now. The specific content of SGT did not differentially predict individual differences in social problem solving, suggesting that the relationship may depend on SGT regardless of its content. In addition, we also found that performance at the WM but not the CRT was linked to overall better MEPS performance, suggesting that individuals good at social processing are also distinguished by their capacity to constrain attention to an external task. Our results provide novel evidence that the capacity for SGT is implicated in the process by which solutions to social problems are generated, although optimal problem solving may be achieved by individuals who display a suitable balance between SGT and cognition derived from perceptual input.
Abstract
Social problem-solving skills (SPS) are essential to child development, especially for kunjing children without sufficient parental care (KCw/oSPC). This study aimed to design and implement ...a group-based pilot intervention programme to improve KCw/oSPC’s SPS and assessed its effectiveness. This pilot intervention was a randomised controlled trial, fifty-seven KCw/oSPC at seventh grade (aged twelve to thirteen years) were recruited and randomly assigned into experimental (n = 24) and waiting (n = 33) groups. All participants in the experimental group received SPS training, whilst the waiting group did not receive any services at the research stage. Both pre- and post-test data about participants’ SPS from both groups were analysed with Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, respectively. Results indicated that KCw/oSPC’s SPS in the experimental group improved significantly, with large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.15). This pilot study, although with limitations, contributed to informing future social work intervention studies and practice to promote KCw/oSPC’s SPS in Mainland China and worldwide.
Social problem-solving skills (SPS) are the cognitive-behavioural abilities with which individuals direct themselves to identify or find effective or adaptive ways to solve problems in daily life. Children’s SPS are beneficial to their mental health and social adaptation, especially for kunjing children without sufficient parental care (KCw/oSPC). To provide SPS services to KCw/oSPC and inform social work practice in child welfare, this study designed and implemented a group-based pilot intervention programme with a randomised controlled trial. A total of fifty-seven KCw/oSPC at seventh grade (aged twelve to thirteen years) were recruited and randomly assigned into experimental (n = 24) and waiting (n = 33) groups. All participants in the experimental group received four sessions of group-based SPS training activities to improve their SPS strategies, time management skills, communication and conflict resolution capabilities, etc. The waiting group did not receive any services. Pre- and post-test data about participants’ SPS from both groups were analysed with Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, respectively. Results indicated that KCw/oSPC’s SPS in the experimental group improved significantly, with large effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.15). This pilot study, although with limitations, contributed to informing future social work intervention studies and practice to promote KCw/oSPC’s SPS.
Codes of the underworld Gambetta, Diego; Gambetta, Diego
2009., 20110718, 2011, 2009, 2011-07-18
eBook
How do criminals communicate with each other? Unlike the rest of us, people planning crimes can't freely advertise their goods and services, nor can they rely on formal institutions to settle ...disputes and certify quality. They face uniquely intense dilemmas as they grapple with the basic problems of whom to trust, how to make themselves trusted, and how to handle information without being detected by rivals or police. In this book, one of the world's leading scholars of the mafia ranges from ancient Rome to the gangs of modern Japan, from the prisons of Western countries to terrorist and pedophile rings, to explain how despite these constraints, many criminals successfully stay in business.
Diego Gambetta shows that as villains balance the lure of criminal reward against the fear of dire punishment, they are inspired to unexpected feats of subtlety and ingenuity in communication. He uncovers the logic of the often bizarre ways in which inveterate and occasional criminals solve their dilemmas, such as why the tattoos and scars etched on a criminal's body function as lines on a professional résumé, why inmates resort to violence to establish their position in the prison pecking order, and why mobsters are partial to nicknames and imitate the behavior they see in mafia movies. Even deliberate self-harm and the disclosure of their crimes are strategically employed by criminals to convey important messages.
By deciphering how criminals signal to each other in a lawless universe, this gruesomely entertaining and incisive book provides a quantum leap in our ability to make sense of their actions.
•We explored the effects of a taxing procedure on children’s social decision making.•Children in the Taxing condition selected more aggressive responses to conflict.•Children in the Taxing condition ...selected fewer prosocial responses to conflict.
Preschool children are often faced with situations that could tax their cognitive resources and consequently affect their abilities to navigate subsequent social problems. Following taxing situations, children may be more likely to enact impulsive, aggressive responses instead of competent responses during peer conflict episodes. We exposed 114 5-year-old children to either a brief taxing procedure or one of two control procedures, followed by a social problem solving task. Children in the Taxing condition were more likely to endorse physically aggressive responses and less likely to endorse prosocial responses to peer social situations compared to the control conditions. The results suggest that taxing situations can negatively impact children’s social problem solving skills. We discuss the possibility that the observed taxing effect provides preliminary evidence for a causal link between executive function and social competence.
The Bumblebee Flies Anyway Best, Joel
The American sociologist,
06/2019, Letnik:
50, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Although Spector and Kitsuse’s Constructing Social Problems (CSP) is often credited with launching constructionist theory, this obscures the contributions of other sociologists pursuing parallel ...lines of research. CSP’s advocacy of a strict constructionist position has largely been ignored by constructionist researchers. Although some conflist-oriented socioogists argue that it is time to move beyond constructionism, it remains the best-developed theory of social problems. At the same time, it is necessary to develop the theory in new directions, particularly by synthesizing case studies.
This study investigated problem-solving attitudes and state-dependent, performance-based problem-solving abilities of individuals with high trait worry as compared to those low in trait worry. ...Secondary objectives involved investigating the relationship between problem-solving effectiveness and processes hypothesized to influence worry and problem-solving (i.e., working memory, attentional control, emotional dysregulation, and concreteness of thought).
A 2 (group: high worry, n = 68, vs. low worry, n = 66) X 2 (induction type: worry vs. neutral mentation) factorial design was employed to investigate the differential effects of state worry, and neutral mentation for comparison, on performance-based problem-solving effectiveness. Independent samples t-tests tested for group differences in self-reported problem-solving attitudes. Multiple regression analyses were used to investigate if aforementioned processes predict problem-solving effectiveness.
Previous findings that individuals with high trait worry endorse greater tendencies to self-report unconstructive problem-solving attitudes were replicated. Contrary to predictions, there were no significant within or between group differences on problem-solving performance. Concreteness of problem solutions was the only consistent predictor of problem-solving effectiveness.
Study did not directly assess problem-solving for personal problems.
Disparities in self-appraisal may account for lack of worry-related performance differences. Findings suggest that when employing problem-solving interventions with a high worry population, emphasis should be placed on changing maladaptive problem attitudes. Nonclinical and clinical populations alike may benefit from incorporating training in concreteness in problem-solving therapy.
•Degree of trait or state worry does not predict problem-solving performance.•Concreteness of problem solutions predicts problem-solving effectiveness.•Impulsivity and avoidance negatively correlate with effectiveness for high worriers.
what is the human self? It offers a proposal for theorizing the self from an enactive perspective as an autonomous system that is constituted through interpersonal relations. It addresses a prevalent ...issue in the philosophy of cognitive science: the body-social problem. Embodied and social approaches to cognitive identity are in mutual tension. On the one hand, embodied cognitive science risks a new form of methodological individualism, implying a dichotomy not between the outside world of objects and the brain-bound individual but rather between body-bound individuals and the outside social world. On the other hand, approaches that emphasize the constitutive relevance of social interaction processes for cognitive identity run the risk of losing the individual in the interaction dynamics and of downplaying the role of embodiment. This paper adopts a middle way and outlines an enactive approach to individuation that is neither individualistic nor disembodied but integrates both approaches. Elaborating on Jonas' notion of needful freedom it outlines an enactive proposal to understanding the self as co-generated in interactions and relations with others. I argue that the human self is a social existence that is organized in terms of a back and forth between social distinction and participation processes. On this view, the body, rather than being identical with the social self, becomes its mediator.
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